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Square number. Square number 16 as sum of gnomons. In mathematics, a square number or perfect square is an integer that is the square of an integer; [1] in other words, it is the product of some integer with itself. For example, 9 is a square number, since it equals 32 and can be written as 3 × 3.
A Pythagorean triple consists of three positive integers a, b, and c, such that a2 + b2 = c2. Such a triple is commonly written (a, b, c), a well-known example is (3, 4, 5). If (a, b, c) is a Pythagorean triple, then so is (ka, kb, kc) for any positive integer k. A triangle whose side lengths are a Pythagorean triple is a right triangle and ...
All odd squares are ≡ 1 (mod 8) and thus also ≡ 1 (mod 4). If a is an odd number and m = 8, 16, or some higher power of 2, then a is a residue modulo m if and only if a ≡ 1 (mod 8). [7] For example, mod (32) the odd squares are 1 2 ≡ 15 2 ≡ 1 3 2 ≡ 13 2 ≡ 9 5 2 ≡ 11 2 ≡ 25 7 2 ≡ 9 2 ≡ 49 ≡ 17. and the even ones are 0 2 ...
Interior angle Δθ = θ 1 −θ 2. The Pythagorean theorem is a special case of the more general theorem relating the lengths of sides in any triangle, the law of cosines, which states that where is the angle between sides and . [45] When is radians or 90°, then , and the formula reduces to the usual Pythagorean theorem.
The difference of two squares is used to find the linear factors of the sum of two squares, using complex number coefficients. For example, the complex roots of can be found using difference of two squares: (since ) Therefore, the linear factors are and . Since the two factors found by this method are complex conjugates, we can use this in ...
Lagrange's four-square theorem, also known as Bachet's conjecture, states that every natural number can be represented as a sum of four non-negative integer squares. [1] That is, the squares form an additive basis of order four. where the four numbers are integers. For illustration, 3, 31, and 310 in several ways, can be represented as the sum ...
A Pythagorean prime is a prime number of the form . Pythagorean primes are exactly the odd prime numbers that are the sum of two squares; this characterization is Fermat's theorem on sums of two squares. Equivalently, by the Pythagorean theorem, they are the odd prime numbers for which is the length of the hypotenuse of a right triangle with ...
In additive number theory, Fermat 's theorem on sums of two squares states that an odd prime p can be expressed as: with x and y integers, if and only if. The prime numbers for which this is true are called Pythagorean primes. For example, the primes 5, 13, 17, 29, 37 and 41 are all congruent to 1 modulo 4, and they can be expressed as sums of ...