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  2. Proof by contradiction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof_by_contradiction

    In logic, proof by contradiction is a form of proof that establishes the truth or the validity of a proposition, by showing that assuming the proposition to be false leads to a contradiction. Although it is quite freely used in mathematical proofs, not every school of mathematical thought accepts this kind of nonconstructive proof as ...

  3. Contradiction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contradiction

    Contradiction. This diagram shows the contradictory relationships between categorical propositions in the square of opposition of Aristotelian logic. In traditional logic, a contradiction occurs when a proposition conflicts either with itself or established fact.

  4. De Morgan's laws - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Morgan's_laws

    Existential generalization / instantiation. In propositional logic and Boolean algebra, De Morgan's laws, [1][2][3] also known as De Morgan's theorem, [4] are a pair of transformation rules that are both valid rules of inference. They are named after Augustus De Morgan, a 19th-century British mathematician.

  5. List of logic symbols - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_logic_symbols

    false (contradiction) bottom, falsity, contradiction, falsum, empty clause propositional logic, Boolean algebra, first-order logic: denotes a proposition that is always false. The symbol ⊥ may also refer to perpendicular lines.

  6. Mathematical proof - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_proof

    Then P(n) is true for all natural numbers n. For example, we can prove by induction that all positive integers of the form 2n − 1 are odd. Let P(n) represent " 2n − 1 is odd": (i) For n = 1, 2n − 1 = 2 (1) − 1 = 1, and 1 is odd, since it leaves a remainder of 1 when divided by 2. Thus P(1) is true.

  7. Russell's paradox - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell's_paradox

    In mathematical logic, Russell's paradox (also known as Russell's antinomy) is a set-theoretic paradox published by the British philosopher and mathematician Bertrand Russell in 1901. [1][2] Russell's paradox shows that every set theory that contains an unrestricted comprehension principle leads to contradictions. [3]

  8. First-order logic - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-order_logic

    First-order logic —also called predicate logic, predicate calculus, quantificational logic —is a collection of formal systems used in mathematics, philosophy, linguistics, and computer science. First-order logic uses quantified variables over non-logical objects, and allows the use of sentences that contain variables.

  9. Wiles's proof of Fermat's Last Theorem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiles's_proof_of_Fermat's...

    The contradiction could have only one answer: if Ribet's theorem and the Taniyama–Shimura–Weil conjecture for semistable curves were both true, then it would mean there could not be any solutions to Fermat's equation—because then there would be no Frey curves at all, meaning no contradictions would exist. This would finally prove Fermat's ...

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