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Creatine supplements are marketed in ethyl ester, gluconate, monohydrate, and nitrate forms. [40] Creatine supplementation for sporting performance enhancement is considered safe for short-term use but there is a lack of safety data for long term use, or for use in children and adolescents. [41] Some athletes choose to cycle on and off creatine ...
Creatine conversion to phosphocreatine is catalysed by creatine kinase; spontaneous formation of creatinine occurs during the reaction. [7] Creatinine is removed from the blood chiefly by the kidneys, primarily by glomerular filtration, but also by proximal tubular secretion. Little or no tubular reabsorption of creatinine occurs. If filtration ...
Creatine is produced by the enzyme guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT). After production in the liver and kidneys, creatine is transported to organs and tissues with high energy demands, most commonly the brain and skeletal muscles. In addition to endogenous production, creatine can be obtained from dietary sources or supplementation.
The creatine phosphate system is needed for the storage and transmission of phosphate-bound energy in the brain and muscle. The brain and muscle have particularly high metabolic demands, therefore, making creatine a necessary molecule in ATP homeostasis.
Creatine requires a delivery system for cell uptake. [ citation needed ] An example is arginine alpha-ketoglutarate . [ citation needed ] Arginine alpha-ketoglutarate itself is a chemical compound that is supposed to increase the blood flow to muscles and therefore, increase nutrient delivery to muscle cells.
Some studies have suggested that consumption of creatine with protein and carbohydrates can have a greater effect than creatine combined with either protein or carbohydrates alone. [ 27 ] While generally considered safe, long-term or excessive consumption of creatine may have an adverse effect on the kidneys , liver, or heart and should be ...
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