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Some examples include inclusive education where there is a special education teacher, general education teacher, and others working together like therapists, paraprofessionals, general education students and specialists. [3] Working collaborator together in the classroom provides the students opportunities in general education, inclusively.
When teachers expand their knowledge on special education and the needs of students with special disabilities, they shape their perspectives and confidence in teaching an inclusive classroom. [ 30 ] Negative attitudes towards inclusive practices are "attributed to a lack of understanding and a fear of what is unknown".
Pennsylvania Association for Retarded Citizens (PARC) v. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, 334 F. Supp. 1257 (E.D. Pa. 1971), was a case where the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania was sued by the Pennsylvania Association for Retarded Citizens (PARC), now The Arc of Pennsylvania, over a law that gave public schools the authority to deny a free education to children who had reached the age of 8, yet had ...
Larry P. v. Riles is a California court case in which the court held that IQ tests could not be used to place African-American students in special education classes.. Five African-American children had been placed in special classes for the "educable mentally retarded", based on low IQ test scores.
The case established that "all children are entitled to free public education and training appropriate to their learning capacities". [2] Peter D. Roos, a former staff attorney at Harvard University's Center for Law and Education, described Mills as a "leading case" in a series of lawsuits that attempted to provide access to education for ...
Disability studies in education (DSE) is a field of academic study concerned with education research and practice related to disability. DSE scholars promote an understanding of disability from a social model of disability perspective to "challenge social, medical, and psychological models of disability as they relate to education". [ 1 ]
Inclusion has different historical roots/background which may be integration of students with severe disabilities in the US (who may previously been excluded from schools or even lived in institutions) [7] [8] [9] or an inclusion model from Canada and the US (e.g., Syracuse University, New York) which is very popular with inclusion teachers who believe in participatory learning, cooperative ...
Schools that practice mainstreaming believe that students with special needs who cannot function in a general education classroom to a certain extent belong in the special education environment. [2] Access to a special education classroom, are mostly called a "separate classroom or resource room", is valuable to the student with a disability ...