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Cooperative learning is an educational approach which aims to organize classroom activities into academic and social learning experiences. [1] There is much more to cooperative learning than merely arranging students into groups, and it has been described as "structuring positive interdependence."
David Johnson, Deutsch's student in the study of social psychology, with his brother Roger Johnson, a science educator, and their sister, educator Edye Johnson Holubec, further developed positive interdependence theory as part of their research and work in teacher and professional training at the Cooperative Learning Center at the University of Minnesota (founded in 1969).
The students are placed in small groups or teams. The class in its entirety is presented with a lesson and students are subsequently tested. Individuals are graded on the team's performance . Although the tests are taken individually, students are encouraged to work together to improve the overall performance of the group.
Students are broken up into groups and given a task or topic to discuss, which is afterwards presented to the class by a chosen member of each group. It differs from the original Jigsaw method in that it focuses more on interpretations and perceptions of the material, rather than strict comprehension.
[1] [2] [3] A study by John Hattie found that the jigsaw method benefits students' learning. [4] The technique splits classes into mixed groups to work on small problems that the group collates into an outcome. [1] For example, an in-class assignment is divided into topics. Students are then split into groups with one member assigned to each topic.
Collaborative learning is a situation in which two or more people learn or attempt to learn something together. [1] Unlike individual learning, people engaged in collaborative learning capitalize on one another's resources and skills (asking one another for information, evaluating one another's ideas, monitoring one another's work, etc.).
"Dramatic play" centers promote social interaction, role exploration, and abstract thinking. [15] Children are given the opportunity to deeply explore roles of people in their family and community. [16] Pretending is an important part developing abstract thought, such as connecting symbols with real objects and events. [17]
The constructivist classroom also focuses on daily activities when it comes to student work. Teaching methods also emphasize communication and social skills, as well as intellectual collaboration. [3] This is different from a traditional classroom where students primarily work alone, learning through repetition and lecture.