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Kidney stones are primarily composed of calcium salts, with the most common being calcium oxalate (70-80%), followed by calcium phosphate and uric acid. When urine contains high concentrations of these ions, they can form crystals and eventually stones. [41] The formation of kidney stones occurs in three main phases: [41]
The effects of rosuvastatin on low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol are dose-related. Higher doses were more efficacious in improving the lipid profile of patients with hypercholesterolemia than milligram-equivalent doses of atorvastatin and milligram-equivalent or higher doses of simvastatin and pravastatin.
Kidney stones are caused by high levels of the minerals calcium, oxalate, and phosphorus in urine. These minerals are normally found in urine and do not cause problems at low levels.
Additionally, hypercalciuria can contribute to kidney stone formation which may present with flank or back pain that comes and goes. It can be painful to pass kidney stones and in extreme cases cause kidney damage. [2] [3] Patients that both form kidney stones and have hypercalciuria are at increased risk for bone loss leading to osteoporosis. [4]
Three different tests may be used to measure calcium levels in urine, 24-hour urine tests, blood tests, and genetic tests. Measuring calcium levels can also be done using an oral calcium tolerance test. [24] Ultrasound and CT scans of the urinary tract can be done to diagnose kidney stones or kidney abnormalities as IH often accompanies it.
In kidney stones, calcium oxalate is the most common mineral type (see nephrolithiasis). Uric acid is the second most common mineral type, but an in vitro study showed uric acid stones and crystals can promote the formation of calcium oxalate stones. [1]
The massive release of calcium from bone metastasis and osteoclast activation usually overwhelms the kidney's ability to secrete calcium, thus leading to hypercalcemia. [22] Hypercalcemia of malignancy may also occur due to tumor production of vitamin D or parathyroid hormone. These causes are rare and constitute about 1% of all causes of ...
Dent's disease (or Dent disease) is a rare X-linked recessive inherited condition that affects the proximal renal tubules [1] of the kidney.It is one cause of Fanconi syndrome, and is characterized by tubular proteinuria, excess calcium in the urine, formation of calcium kidney stones, nephrocalcinosis, and chronic kidney failure.
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