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A mycotoxin (from the Greek μύκης mykes, "fungus" and τοξικός toxikos, "poisonous") [1] [2] is a toxic secondary metabolite produced by fungi [3] [4] and is capable of causing disease and death in both humans and other animals.
Mycotoxins can persist in the indoor environment even after death of the fungi. They can adhere to dust particles and can spread through the air attached to these dust particles or spores. [ 8 ] There must be very specific temperature and humidity conditions in order for fungi to produce mycotoxins.
Mycotoxicology is the branch of mycology that focuses on analyzing and studying the toxins produced by fungi, known as mycotoxins. [1] In the food industry it is important to adopt measures that keep mycotoxin levels as low as practicable, especially those that are heat-stable.
Trichothecene is a mycotoxin that is produced from the fungi species Fusarium graminearum. [38] The T-2 toxin, Type A, and DON, Type B, are major mycotoxins that are responsible for toxicity in humans and animals. [38] These two types come from an epoxide at the C12 and C13 positions in the trichothecenes. [38]
Mycotoxins are not produced all the time, but only under specific growing conditions. Mycotoxins are harmful or lethal to humans and animals only when exposure is high enough. [46] [47] Mycotoxins can be found on the mold spore and mold fragments, and therefore they can also be found on the substrate upon which the mold grows.
According to the USDA, "They are probably the best known and most intensively researched mycotoxins in the world." [1] The fungi grow in soil, decaying vegetation and various staple foodstuffs and commodities such as hay, maize, peanuts, coffee, wheat, millet, sorghum, cassava, rice, chili peppers, cottonseed, tree nuts, sesame seeds, sunflower ...
Pathogenic fungi are fungi that cause disease in humans or other organisms. Although fungi are eukaryotic , many pathogenic fungi are microorganisms . [ 1 ] Approximately 300 fungi are known to be pathogenic to humans; [ 2 ] their study is called " medical mycology ".
Mucor circinelloides has good growth and sporulation between 5–10 °C [4] [5] and very poor growth at 37 °C which is also the maximum growth temperature. [5] [3] The minimal water activity(a w) for growth is 0.9. [4] M. circinelloides assimilates ethanol and nitrate. [3] The length and number of tall sporangiophores decrease with lower ...