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  2. GDSII - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GDSII

    Besides the commercial vendors there are plenty of free GDSII utilities. These free tools include editors, [3] [4] [5] viewers, [6] utilities to convert the 2D layout data into common 3D formats, [7] [8] utilities to fly through a 3D version, [9] utilities to convert the binary format to a human readable ASCII format [10] and program libraries ...

  3. MATLAB - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MATLAB

    He developed MATLAB's initial linear algebra programming in 1967 with his one-time thesis advisor, George Forsythe. [21] This was followed by Fortran code for linear equations in 1971. [21] Before version 1.0, MATLAB "was not a programming language; it was a simple interactive matrix calculator. There were no programs, no toolboxes, no graphics.

  4. Shockley–Queisser limit - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shockley–Queisser_limit

    The Shockley–Queisser limit, zoomed in near the region of peak efficiency. In a traditional solid-state semiconductor such as silicon, a solar cell is made from two doped crystals, one an n-type semiconductor, which has extra free electrons, and the other a p-type semiconductor, which is lacking free electrons, referred to as "holes."

  5. Colony-forming unit - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony-forming_unit

    The purpose of plate counting is to estimate the number of cells present based on their ability to give rise to colonies under specific conditions of temperature, time, and nutrient medium. Theoretically, one viable cell can give rise to a colony through replication. However, solitary cells are the exception in nature, and in most cases the ...

  6. Perovskite solar cell - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perovskite_solar_cell

    Crystal structure of CH 3 NH 3 PbX 3 perovskites (X=I, Br and/or Cl). The methylammonium cation (CH 3 NH 3 +) is surrounded by PbX 6 octahedra. [13]The name "perovskite solar cell" is derived from the ABX 3 crystal structure of the absorber materials, referred to as perovskite structure, where A and B are cations and X is an anion.

  7. Biostatistics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biostatistics

    One type of table is the frequency table, which consists of data arranged in rows and columns, where the frequency is the number of occurrences or repetitions of data. Frequency can be: [ 8 ] Absolute : represents the number of times that a determined value appear;

  8. Cell growth - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_growth

    Cell growth refers to an increase in the total mass of a cell, including both cytoplasmic, nuclear and organelle volume. [1] Cell growth occurs when the overall rate of cellular biosynthesis (production of biomolecules or anabolism) is greater than the overall rate of cellular degradation (the destruction of biomolecules via the proteasome, lysosome or autophagy, or catabolism).

  9. Glossary of cellular and molecular biology (0–L) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_cellular_and...

    3' untranslated region (3'-UTR). Also three-prime untranslated region, 3' non-translated region (3'-NTR), and trailer sequence.. 3'-end. Also three-prime end.. One of two ends of a single linear strand of DNA or RNA, specifically the end at which the chain of nucleotides terminates at the third carbon atom in the furanose ring of deoxyribose or ribose (i.e. the terminus at which the 3' carbon ...