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Taḥrīf (Arabic: تحريف, transl. 'distortion') or corruption of the Bible, is a term used by most Muslims to refer to believed alterations made to the previous revelations of God—specifically those that make up the Tawrat, the Zabur or Psalms, and the Injil.
In early Christian writings, hypostasis was used to denote 'being' or 'substantive reality' and was not always distinguished in meaning from terms like ousia ('essence'), substantia ('substance') or qnoma (specific term in Syriac Christianity). [36] It was used in this way by Tatian and Origen. [7]
The early Christians, like the early Jews, were vehemently opposed to astrology, even attributing it to demonic origin. The Church Fathers were willing to impose strong sanctions against astrology to protect their flocks. In AD 120, the noted mathematician Aquila Ponticus was excommunicated from the Church at Rome for astrological heresies. [1]
There is no concept of a human soul, or of eternal life, in the oldest parts of the Old Testament. [8] Death is the going-out of the breath which God once breathed into the dust, all men face the same fate in Sheol, a shadowy existence without knowledge or feeling (Job 14:13; Qoheloth 9:5), and there is no way that mortals can enter heaven. [ 8 ]
The word Δοκηταί Dokētaí ("Illusionists") referring to early groups who denied Jesus's humanity, first occurred in a letter by Bishop Serapion of Antioch (197–203), [5] who discovered the doctrine in the Gospel of Peter, during a pastoral visit to a Christian community using it in Rhosus, and later condemned it as a forgery.
The Bible teaches the nature of valid arguments, the nature and power of language, and its relation to reality. [77] According to Mittleman, the Bible provides patterns of moral reasoning that focus on conduct and character. [85] [86] In the biblical metaphysic, humans have free will, but it is a relative and restricted freedom. [87]
Specific collections of biblical writings, such as the Hebrew Bible and Christian Bibles, are considered sacred and authoritative by their respective faith groups. [11] The limits of the canon were effectively set by the proto-orthodox churches from the 1st throughout the 4th century; however, the status of the scriptures has been a topic of scholarly discussion in the later churches.
Many Christians in ancient times regarded the early chapters of Genesis as true both as history and as allegory. [ 1 ] Other Jews and Christians have long regarded the creation account of Genesis as an allegory – even prior to the development of modern science and the scientific accounts (based on the scientific method) of cosmological ...