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Sleep is known to play an important role in the etiology and maintenance of bipolar disorder. [1] Patients with bipolar disorder often have a less stable and more variable circadian activity. [2] Circadian activity disruption can be apparent even if the person concerned is not currently ill. [3] [4]
Changes in daily routines place stress on the body's maintenance of sleep-wake cycles, appetite, energy, and alertness, [8] all of which are affected during mood episodes. For example, depressive symptoms include disturbed sleep patterns (sleeping too much or difficulty falling asleep), changes in appetite, fatigue, and slowed movement or ...
The Bipolar Spectrum Diagnostic Scale (BSDS) is a psychiatric self-rating scale created by Ronald Pies in screening for bipolar disorder (BD). [1] Its initial version consists of a descriptive narrative aimed to capture the nuances and milder variants of BD. [ 2 ]
Onset of Bipolar Disorder. Signs of bipolar disorder generally emerge in young adulthood. Research suggests that 70 percent of people with bipolar disorder experience their first manic episode ...
Low scores of 5 and below indicate a very low risk of a bipolar diagnosis. High scores of 18 and over indicate a high risk of a diagnosis of bipolar disorder, increasing the likelihood by a factor of seven or greater. [26] [5] Several peer-reviewed research studies support the P-GBI as a reliable and valid measure of bipolar in children and ...
Polysomnography (PSG) is a multi-parameter type of sleep study [1] and a diagnostic tool in sleep medicine.The test result is called a polysomnogram, also abbreviated PSG.The name is derived from Greek and Latin roots: the Greek πολύς (polus for "many, much", indicating many channels), the Latin somnus ("sleep"), and the Greek γράφειν (graphein, "to write").
The component scores consist of subjective sleep quality, sleep latency (i.e., how long it takes to fall asleep), sleep duration, habitual sleep efficiency (i.e., the percentage of time in bed that one is asleep), sleep disturbances, use of sleeping medication, and daytime dysfunction. Each item is weighted on a 0–3 interval scale.
The most common sleep-related symptom of bipolar disorder is insomnia, in addition to hypersomnia, nightmares, poor sleep quality, OSA, extreme daytime sleepiness, etc. [27] Moreover, animal models have shown that sleep debt can induce episodes of bipolar mania in laboratory mice, but these models are still limited in their potential to explain ...
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