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It was first demonstrated, in 1978, by Conway et al. and possibly others that, while α-methyldopamine caused acute decreases in the levels of neuronal dopamine, in some areas of the brain in excess of 75%, levels returned to baseline within 12 hours, indicating that α-methyldopamine could not be responsible for the toxic effects observed. [4]
Cocaine increases dopamine levels by blocking dopamine transporters (DAT), which transport dopamine back into a synaptic terminal after it has been emitted. Cocaine , substituted amphetamines (including methamphetamine ), Adderall , methylphenidate (marketed as Ritalin or Concerta ), and other psychostimulants exert their effects primarily or ...
[10] [11] [12] Long-term use of certain substituted amphetamines, particularly methamphetamine, can reduce dopamine activity in the brain. [13] [4] Adderall- Prescribed Amphetamine. For amphetamine dependent individuals, psychotherapy is currently the best treatment option as no pharmacological treatment has been approved. [8]
Methamphetamine was discovered in 1893 and exists as two enantiomers: levo-methamphetamine and dextro-methamphetamine. [ note 2 ] Methamphetamine properly refers to a specific chemical substance, the racemic free base , which is an equal mixture of levomethamphetamine and dextromethamphetamine in their pure amine forms, but the hydrochloride ...
3,4-Dihydroxymethamphetamine (HHMA, 3,4-DHMA), or 3,4-dihydroxy-N-methylamphetamine, also known as α-methylepinine or α,N-dimethyldopamine, is the major metabolite of 3,4-methylenedioxy-N-methylamphetamine (MDMA).
[10] [34] MDMA is structurally similar to mescaline (a psychedelic), methamphetamine (a stimulant), as well as endogenous monoamine neurotransmitters such as serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine. [35] MDMA has limited approved medical uses in a small number of countries, [36] but is illegal in most jurisdictions. [37]
Amphetamine, an NDRA and one of the most well-known DRAs. 4-Methylaminorex (4-MAR), the cis- isomer being one of the most dopamine-selective NDRAs known.. A dopamine releasing agent (DRA) is a type of drug which induces the release of dopamine in the body and/or brain.
[95] [140] Recreational use of methamphetamine may result in psychosis or lead to post-withdrawal syndrome, a withdrawal syndrome that can persist for months beyond the typical withdrawal period. [149] Unlike amphetamine and cocaine, methamphetamine is neurotoxic to humans, damaging both dopamine and serotonin neurons in the central nervous ...