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Advocates of counterfactual history often respond that all statements about causality in history contain implicit counterfactual claims—for example, the claim that a certain military decision helped a country win a war presumes that if that decision had not been made, the war would have been less likely to be won, or would have been longer.
The World's Foremost Historians Imagine What Might Have Been, is an anthology of twenty essays and fourteen sidebars dealing with counterfactual history. It was published by G.P. Putnam's Sons in 1999, ISBN 0-399-14576-1, and this book as well as its two sequels, What If? 2 and What Ifs? of American History, were edited by Robert Cowley.
Counterfactual thinking also serves the affective function to make a person feel better. By comparing one's present outcome to a less desirable outcome, the person may feel better about the current situation. For example, a disappointed runner who did not win a race may feel better by saying, "At least I did not come in last."
A revised edition with the alternate title If: or, History Rewritten was also released by the American Viking Press in 1931, deleting the General Strike essay and adding one new essay along with reprints of two older but previously uncollected ones: "If the Dutch Had Kept Nieuw Amsterdam" by Hendrik Willem van Loon.
The study of counterfactual speculation has increasingly engaged the interest of scholars in a wide range of domains such as philosophy, [29] psychology, [30] cognitive psychology, [31] history, [32] political science, [33] economics, [34] social psychology, [35] law, [36] organizational theory, [37] marketing, [38] and epidemiology.
The payments that Lagos authorities offered for larger demolished structures, for example, were 31 percent lower than what the World Bank’s own consultants said they were worth. “It was like David and Goliath. There were these little people fighting against this giant,” Chapman said. The bank “really left vulnerable people on their own.”
What Ifs? of American History, subtitled Eminent Historians Imagine What Might Have Been, is a collection of seventeen essays dealing with counterfactual history regarding the United States. It was published by G.P. Putnam's Sons in 2003, ISBN 0-399-15091-9 , and this book as well as its two predecessors, What If? and What If? 2 , were edited ...
The iMac was launched in 1998, and the rest is glittering tech history. Jobs embraced failure and encouraged others to do the same. Jobs once said, “You gotta be willing to fail… if you’re ...