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Secondary amenorrhea's most common and most easily diagnosable causes are pregnancy, thyroid disease, and hyperprolactinemia. [50] A pregnancy test is a common first step for diagnosis. [50] Similar to primary amenorrhea, evaluation of secondary amenorrhea also begins with a pregnancy test, prolactin, FSH, LH, and TSH levels. [13]
Functional hypothalamic amenorrhea (FHA) is a form of amenorrhea and chronic anovulation [1] and is one of the most common types of secondary amenorrhea. [2] It is classified as hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. [3] It was previously known as "juvenile hypothalamosis syndrome," prior to the discovery that sexually mature females are equally ...
In the case of RED-S, the majority of secondary amenorrhea cases are attributed to functional hypothalamic amenorrhea (FHA), an adaptive mechanism to preserve energy for survival and vital processes rather than reproduction when energy balance is low. [17] [18] Primary amenorrhea is characterized by delayed menarche (the onset of menses during ...
In secondary amenorrhea, or the absence of menstruation for greater than 6 months, can be caused by the same reasons as primary amenorrhea, as well as polycystic ovary syndrome, pregnancy, chronic illness, and certain drugs like cocaine and opioids. [23]
The history of a pregnancy event followed by a D&C leading to secondary amenorrhea or hypomenorrhea is typical. Hysteroscopy is the gold standard for diagnosis. [18] Imaging by sonohysterography or hysterosalpingography will reveal the extent of the scar formation. Ultrasound is not a reliable method of diagnosing Asherman's Syndrome.
Hypoestrogenism is typically found in menopause and aids in diagnosis of other conditions such as POI and functional amenorrhea. [ 17 ] [ 24 ] Estrogen levels can be tested through several laboratory tests: vaginal maturation index, [ clarification needed ] progestogen challenge test , and vaginal swabs for small parabasal cells .
Starvation from anorexia nervosa or bulimia causes the HPG axis to deactivate causing women's ovarian and uterine cycles to stop. Stress, physical exercise, and weight loss have been correlated with oligomenorrhea and secondary amenorrhea. [29] Similarly environmental factors can also affect men such as stress causing impotence. Prenatal ...
Signs of false pregnancy include amenorrhea (missed periods), galactorrhea (flow of milk from breast), breast enlargement, weight gain, abdominal growth, sensations of fetal movement and contractions, [1] nausea and vomiting, [1] changes in the uterus and cervix, [1] and frequent urination. [3] Abdominal distention is the most common symptom. [2]