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  2. Mathematical proof - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_proof

    Proof by construction, or proof by example, is the construction of a concrete example with a property to show that something having that property exists. Joseph Liouville , for instance, proved the existence of transcendental numbers by constructing an explicit example .

  3. Commutative property - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commutative_property

    In group and set theory, many algebraic structures are called commutative when certain operands satisfy the commutative property. In higher branches of mathematics, such as analysis and linear algebra the commutativity of well-known operations (such as addition and multiplication on real and complex numbers) is often used (or implicitly assumed ...

  4. List of mathematical proofs - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mathematical_proofs

    Fermat's little theorem and some proofs; Gödel's completeness theorem and its original proof; Mathematical induction and a proof; Proof that 0.999... equals 1; Proof that 22/7 exceeds π; Proof that e is irrational; Proof that π is irrational; Proof that the sum of the reciprocals of the primes diverges

  5. Distributive property - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributive_property

    In mathematics, the distributive property of binary operations is a generalization of the distributive law, which asserts that the equality (+) = + is always true in elementary algebra. For example, in elementary arithmetic , one has 2 ⋅ ( 1 + 3 ) = ( 2 ⋅ 1 ) + ( 2 ⋅ 3 ) . {\displaystyle 2\cdot (1+3)=(2\cdot 1)+(2\cdot 3).}

  6. Transcendental number - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcendental_number

    If (a + b) and a b were both algebraic, then this would be a polynomial with algebraic coefficients. Because algebraic numbers form an algebraically closed field, this would imply that the roots of the polynomial, a and b, must be algebraic. But this is a contradiction, and thus it must be the case that at least one of the coefficients is ...

  7. Proofs involving the addition of natural numbers - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proofs_involving_the...

    The base case b = 0 follows immediately from the identity element property (0 is an additive identity), which has been proved above: a + 0 = a = 0 + a. Next we will prove the base case b = 1, that 1 commutes with everything, i.e. for all natural numbers a, we have a + 1 = 1 + a.

  8. List of logarithmic identities - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_logarithmic_identities

    These are the three main logarithm laws/rules/principles, [3] from which the other properties listed above can be proven. Each of these logarithm properties correspond to their respective exponent law, and their derivations/proofs will hinge on those facts. There are multiple ways to derive/prove each logarithm law – this is just one possible ...

  9. Pythagorean theorem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagorean_theorem

    The proofs are diverse, including both geometric proofs and algebraic proofs, with some dating back thousands of years. When Euclidean space is represented by a Cartesian coordinate system in analytic geometry , Euclidean distance satisfies the Pythagorean relation: the squared distance between two points equals the sum of squares of the ...

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