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[clarification needed] The technology of CDMA was used in 1957, when the young military radio engineer Leonid Kupriyanovich in Moscow made an experimental model of a wearable automatic mobile phone, called LK-1 by him, with a base station. [8] LK-1 has a weight of 3 kg, 20–30 km operating distance, and 20–30 hours of battery life.
CDMA: IS-95 (CDMA one) Digital: 1995 Limited None None Unlimited cell size, low transmitter power permits large cells Very low density Soft No 3G: CDMA: IS-2000 (CDMA 2000) Digital: 2000 / 2002 Limited RUIM (rarely used) None Unlimited cell size, low transmitter power permits large cells Very low density Soft No EVDO / Yes SVDO [2] 3G: W-CDMA ...
CDMA service suspended starting from 31 October 2017. BSNL India: CDMA2000 1xRTT, EV-DO Rev. A 800 Mar 2005: Mar 2016 [73] [74] [75] MTS India: CDMA2000 1xRTT, EV-DO Rev. B 800 Sep 2003: Nov 2017 [76] [77] [78] RCOM India: CDMA2000 1xRTT, EV-DO Rev. A 800 May 2003: Jun 2016 [79] [80] Tata Docomo India: CDMA2000 1xRTT, EV-DO Rev. B 800 Nov 2002 ...
UTRA-TDD (Time Division Duplex), on the other hand, combines CDMA with TDMA and TDD. In this scheme, the same frequency band is used for both uplink and downlink, but at different times. This time-based separation is particularly advantageous in scenarios with asymmetric traffic loads, where the data rates for uplink and downlink differ ...
As an example of how the 2D spreading on VSF-OFCDM works, if you take the first data symbol, d 0, and a spreading factor in the time domain, SF time, of length 4, and a spreading factor in the frequency domain, SF frequency of 2, then the data symbol, d 0, will be multiplied by the length-2 frequency-domain PN codes and placed on subcarriers 0 ...
In digital communications, a chip is a pulse of a direct-sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) code, such as a pseudo-random noise (PN) code sequence used in direct-sequence code-division multiple access (CDMA) channel access techniques.
Nellore Municipal Corporation is the civic body of Nellore, Andhra Pradesh, India. It has a population of 6,00,869 (2011 census). It is located 279km from the capital city. It was established as Nellore Municipality in 1884 and was constituted as a municipal corporation in 2004. [1] There are two zones and 54 election wards in this municipality.
In CDMA or QDMA, a new user is simply allocated a new code and is ready to go. It may impose a slight load on the spectrum, but the system is so devised as to absorb a controlled measure of collisions and continue operations at a high level of quality of service.