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Along with American researchers Hamilton Smith and Daniel Nathans, Werner Arber shared the 1978 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for the discovery of restriction endonucleases. Their work would lead to the development of recombinant DNA technology.
Stanley Norman Cohen (born February 17, 1935) is an American geneticist [2] and the Kwoh-Ting Li Professor in the Stanford University School of Medicine. [3] Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer were the first scientists to transplant genes from one living organism to another, a fundamental discovery for genetical engineering.
Recombinant DNA is widely used in biotechnology, medicine and research. Today, recombinant proteins and other products that result from the use of DNA technology are found in essentially every pharmacy, physician or veterinarian office, medical testing laboratory, and biological research laboratory.
DNA ligases, that join broken DNA together, had been discovered earlier in 1967 [20] and by combining the two enzymes it was possible to "cut and paste" DNA sequences to create recombinant DNA. Plasmids, discovered in 1952, [21] became important tools for transferring information between cells and replicating DNA sequences.
Herbert Wayne "Herb" Boyer (born July 10, 1936) is an American biotechnologist, researcher and entrepreneur in biotechnology. Along with Stanley N. Cohen and Paul Berg, he discovered recombinant DNA, a method to coax bacteria into producing foreign proteins, which aided in jump-starting the field of genetic engineering.
1972 – The DNA composition of chimpanzees and gorillas is discovered to be 99% similar to that of humans. 1973 – Stanley Norman Cohen and Herbert Boyer perform the first successful recombinant DNA experiment, using bacterial genes. [6] 1974 – Scientists invent the first biocement for industrial applications.
As a graduate student, Struhl cloned and functionally expressed the first eukaryotic protein-coding gene in E.coli, a landmark in recombinant DNA technology. [6] [7] Cloned yeast genes were essential for Gerald Fink to develop transformation methods that Struhl used to co-discover DNA replication origins [8] [9] and to create the first vectors for molecular genetic manipulations in yeast. [8]
In 1990, UCSF sued Genentech for $400 million in compensation for alleged theft of technology developed at the university and covered by a 1982 patent. [citation needed] Genentech claimed that they developed Protropin (recombinant somatotropin/human growth hormone), independently of UCSF. A jury ruled that the university's patent was valid in ...