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  2. Ion transporter - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_transporter

    Ion transporters can be regulated in a variety of different ways such as phosphorylation, allosteric inhibition or activation, and sensitivity to ion concentration. Using protein kinases to add a phosphate group or phosphatases to dephosphorylate the protein can change the activity of the transporter. [ 14 ]

  3. P-type ATPase - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-type_ATPase

    The P-type ATPases, also known as E 1-E 2 ATPases, are a large group of evolutionarily related ion and lipid pumps that are found in bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes. [1] P-type ATPases are α-helical bundle primary transporters named based upon their ability to catalyze auto- (or self-) phosphorylation (hence P) of a key conserved aspartate residue within the pump and their energy source ...

  4. Phosphorylation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorylation

    Serine in an amino acid chain, before and after phosphorylation. In biochemistry, phosphorylation is the attachment of a phosphate group to a molecule or an ion. [1] This process and its inverse, dephosphorylation, are common in biology. [2] Protein phosphorylation often activates (or deactivates) many enzymes. [3] [4]

  5. Ion channel - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_channel

    The rate of ion transport through the channel is very high (often 10 6 ions per second or greater). Ions pass through channels down their electrochemical gradient, which is a function of ion concentration and membrane potential, "downhill", without the input (or help) of metabolic energy (e.g. ATP, co-transport mechanisms, or active transport ...

  6. Protein phosphorylation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_phosphorylation

    Protein phosphorylation is a reversible post-translational modification of proteins in which an amino acid residue is phosphorylated by a protein kinase by the addition of a covalently bound phosphate group. Phosphorylation alters the structural conformation of a protein, causing it to become activated, deactivated, or otherwise modifying its ...

  7. Active transport - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_transport

    Phosphorylation of the carrier protein and the binding of a hydrogen ion induce a conformational (shape) change that drives the hydrogen ions to transport against the electrochemical gradient. Hydrolysis of the bound phosphate group and release of hydrogen ion then restores the carrier to its original conformation.

  8. Electron transport chain - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_transport_chain

    An electron transport chain (ETC [1]) is a series of protein complexes and other molecules which transfer electrons from electron donors to electron acceptors via redox reactions (both reduction and oxidation occurring simultaneously) and couples this electron transfer with the transfer of protons (H + ions) across a membrane.

  9. Chloride potassium symporter 5 - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloride_potassium_symporter_5

    Potassium-chloride transporter member 5 (aka: KCC2 and SLC12A5) is a neuron-specific chloride potassium symporter responsible for establishing the chloride ion gradient in neurons through the maintenance of low intracellular chloride concentrations. [5]