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D-day assault map of Normandy and northwest coastal France. In British phraseology, Fortress Europe meant the battle honour accorded to Royal Air Force and Allied squadrons during the war, but to qualify, operations had to be made by aircraft based in Britain against targets in Germany, Italy and other parts of German-occupied Europe, in the period from the fall of France to the Normandy invasion.
The Battle of Metz was fought during World War II at the French city of Metz, then part of Nazi Germany, from late September 1944 through mid-December as part of the Lorraine Campaign between the U.S. Third Army commanded by Lieutenant General George Patton and the German Army commanded by General Otto von Knobelsdorff. [1]
German fortresses (German: Festungen or Fester Platz, lit. ' fixed place '; called pockets by the Allies) during World War II were bridgeheads, cities, islands and towns designated by Adolf Hitler as areas that were to be fortified and stocked with food and ammunition in order to hold out against Allied offensives.
Fort Name German (until 1920) Polish (afterwards) Built Description Picture Fort Ia "König Wilhelm I" Fort I "Jan III Sobieski" 1888–1892 The most modern fort in the complex was the first armored fort of the German Empire; [2] as a prototype of the armored forts it served as the basis for many similar fortifications later built on the western border of the German Empire (for example in Metz).
From the early 19th century to World War II, Lisbon was considered the national redoubt of Portugal. Besides being the capital, the largest city and the major port of the country, Lisbon was considered the last defensible redoubt in case of an invasion of Portugal by a major power. During this period, successive systems of defense were implemented.
Map: The forts of Namur on uMap. The fortified position of Namur (French: position fortifiée de Namur [PFN]) was established by Belgium after the First World War to fortify the traditional invasion corridor between Germany and France through Belgium.
Operation Astonia was the code name for an Allied attack on the German-held Channel port of Le Havre in France, during the Second World War.The city had been declared a Festung (fortress) by Hitler, to be held to the last man.
Many of the open museums are located between Ostrava and Opava, with more being near the town of Králíky near Kłodzk close to the present Polish border, which had been the German border before World War II. Of the nine artillery forts that were either completed or under construction by September 1938, six now function as museums while two ...