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Tobacco smoking during pregnancy causes many detrimental effects on health and reproduction, in addition to the general health effects of tobacco.A number of studies have shown that tobacco use is a significant factor in miscarriages among pregnant smokers, and that it contributes to a number of other threats to the health of the foetus.
Nicotine itself could be at least partly responsible for many of the adverse after birth health results related to cigarette use while the mother was pregnant. [40] There is evidence that nicotine negatively affects fetal brain development and pregnancy outcomes. [42] There is also risk of stillbirth and pre-term birth. [43]
There is no supporting evidence demonstrating that vaping is safe for use in pregnant women. [104] Nicotine accumulates in the fetus because it goes through the placenta. [112] Nicotine has been found in placental tissue as early as seven weeks of embryonic gestation, and nicotine concentrations are higher in fetal fluids than in maternal ...
Signs and symptoms of ACEi and ARB use during pregnancy include kidney damage or failure, oligohydramnios, anuria, joint contractures, and hypoplasia of the skull. [58] Common, alternative agents for high blood pressure in pregnant women include anti-adrenergic and beta-blocking medications, such as methyldopa or metoprolol, respectively. [58]
Mild nicotine withdrawal symptoms are measurable in unrestricted smokers, who experience normal moods only as their blood nicotine levels peak, with each cigarette. [35] On quitting, withdrawal symptoms worsen sharply, then gradually improve to a normal state. [35] Nicotine use as a tool for quitting smoking has a good safety history. [36]
Substance examples of long term effects as follows: Alcohol exposure has shown it could lead to poor growth. Tobacco exposure can make it more likely to get obese. Alcohol, nicotine, and opiate exposure have shown to lead to attention deficits. Nicotine and alcohol exposure affect learning and memory.
The 2008 US Guideline determined that "person-to-person psychosocial interventions" (typically including "intensive counseling") increased abstinence rates in pregnant women who smoke to 13.3%, compared with 7.6% in usual care. [46]: 165–167 Mothers who smoke during pregnancy have a greater tendency towards premature births. Their babies are ...
E‐cigarettes can be unsafe to non-users via third-hand exposure, including children, pregnant women, nursing mothers, [94] casino employees, housekeeping employees, and vulnerable groups. [103] In one scenario, indoor surfaces can accumulate nicotine-laden vapor residue. [205] However, the extent of such contamination has not been established.