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Moving the HDD controller from the interface card to the disk drive helped to standardize the host/controller interface, reduce the programming complexity in the host device driver, and reduced system cost and complexity. The 40-pin IDE/ATA connection transfers 16 bits of data at a time on the data cable.
Parallel ATA (PATA), originally AT Attachment, also known as Integrated Drive Electronics (IDE), is a standard interface designed for IBM PC-compatible computers. It was first developed by Western Digital and Compaq in 1986 for compatible hard drives and CD or DVD drives.
The SCSI commands and responses are embedded in "packets" (hence "ATA Packet Interface") for transmission on the ATA cable. This interfaces ATA with any device class for which a SCSI command set has been defined. ATAPI devices are also "speaking ATA" because the ATA physical interface and protocol are still being used to send the packets.
Around 1997, with the introduction of ATAPI-4 (and thus Ultra-DMA-Mode, which enabled fast data transfers with less CPU utilization) the first ATA RAID controllers were introduced as PCI expansion cards. Those RAID systems made their way to the consumer market, for users wanting the fault-tolerance of RAID without investing in expensive SCSI ...
The raid mode only supports IDE Hard Disk Drives and includes RAID 0, RAID 1, Raid 0+1 and JBOD, along with a "normal" mode that essentially acts as a standard Hard Disk controller. Optical disk drives such as CD-ROM and DVD drives are supported by the ATAPI mode, which also supports Hard Disk Drives at the loss of all RAID functions.
ATAPI over Parallel ATA: ATA Packet Interface T13 / NCITS 317-1998 at the Wayback Machine (archived 2013-12-15) 16 33 MHz DDR: none 133 MB/s [k] (1,064 Mbit/s) 457 mm (18 inches) 2 ATAPI over Serial ATA: serial 6 Gbit/s 8b10b 600 MB/s [l] (4,800 Mbit/s) 1 m 1 (15 with port multiplier) iSCSI: Internet Small Computer System Interface, SCSI over IP
The ATA standard is supported by both parallel (IDE, PATA) and serial (SATA) ATA hardware. A drawback of the original ATA TRIM command is that it was defined as a non-queueable command and therefore could not easily be mixed with a normal workload of queued read and write operations. SATA 3.1 introduced a queued TRIM command to remedy this. [70]
The Advanced Host Controller Interface (AHCI) is a technical standard defined by Intel that specifies the register-level interface of Serial ATA (SATA) host controllers in a non-implementation-specific manner in its motherboard chipsets.