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S-(+)-Carvone is the principal constituent (60–70%) of the oil from caraway seeds (Carum carvi), [8] which is produced on a scale of about 10 tonnes per year. [3] It also occurs to the extent of about 40–60% in dill seed oil (from Anethum graveolens), and also in mandarin orange peel oil.
Spearmint leaves contain the L-enantiomer of the chemical carvone or R-(−)-carvone and caraway seeds contain the D-enantiomer or S-(+)-carvone. [9] The two smell different to most people because our olfactory receptors are chiral.
There is no strict relationship between the R/S, the D/L, and (+)/(−) designations, although some correlations exist. For example, of the naturally occurring amino acids, all are L, and most are (S). For some molecules the (R)-enantiomer is the dextrorotary (+) enantiomer, and in other cases it is the levorotary (−) enantiomer. The ...
[1] [2] It is also used in chemical synthesis as a precursor to carvone and as a renewables-based solvent in cleaning products. [1] The less common (-)-isomer has a piny, turpentine-like odor, and is found in the edible parts of such plants as caraway, dill, and bergamot orange plants. [3] Limonene takes its name from Italian limone ("lemon"). [4]
In case of penicillamine, the (S-isomer is used in the treatment of primary chronic arthritis, whereas the (R)-isomer has no therapeutic effect, as well as being highly toxic. [30] In some cases, the less therapeutically active enantiomer can cause side effects. For example, (S-naproxen is an analgesic but the (R-isomer causes renal problems. [31]
The CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics defines specific rotation as: For an optically active substance, defined by [α] θ λ = α/γl, where α is the angle through which plane polarized light is rotated by a solution of mass concentration γ and path length l.
However, according to the U.S. Department of Agriculture's FoodData Central database, as of a few years ago, more than 8,000 branded food products still contained Red Dye No. 3. Common food ...
Other disciplines use different terms (such as dextro-and laevo-rotary in chemistry, or clockwise and anticlockwise in physics) or simply use left and right (as in anatomy). Relative direction and chirality are distinct concepts.