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Trachyonychia causes the nails to become opalescent, thin, dull, fragile, and finely longitudinally ridged, and, as a result, distally notched. [6] It can be a manifestation of lichen planus , psoriasis , alopecia areata , immunoglobulin A deficiency , atopic dermatitis , and ichthyosis vulgaris .
While Beau's lines are actual ridges and indentations in the nail plate, Muehrcke lines are areas of hypopigmentation without palpable ridges; they affect the underlying nail bed, and not the nail itself. Beau's lines should also be distinguished from Mees' lines of the fingernails, which are areas of discoloration in the nail plate.
Dark nails are associated with B 12 deficiency. Stains of the nail plate (not the nail bed) are associated with smoking and henna use. Splinter hemorrhages (or haemorrhages) are tiny blood clots that tend to run vertically under the nails. Drug-induced nail changes are caused by drug usage which may result in various abnormalities. [6]: 665–6
"Brittle nails can split at the distal part of the nail (or away from the center), and due to aging and consistent hand washing, brittle nails can also have what is called longitudinal ridges ...
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Onychomadesis is defined by the nail plate's detachment from the matrix, its continuous connection to the nail bed, and, frequently but not always, shedding. [4] Beau lines are transverse ridges on the nail plates. [5] Onychomadesis might be considered a more severe version of Beau lines. [6]