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Business performance management (BPM) (also known as corporate performance management (CPM) [2] enterprise performance management (EPM), [3] [4] organizational performance management, or performance management) is a management approach which encompasses a set of processes and analytical tools to ensure that an organization's activities and output are aligned with its goals.
Performance Management and Appraisal Systems; New Delhi: Response Books, 2004 Performance Management: Towards Organizational Excellence: Sage Response Books, Second Edition, 2016 360 Degree Feedback and Performance Management Systems; (Editors T V Rao, Gopal Mahapatra, Raju Rao and Nandini Chawla) Volume 2, Excel Publications: New Delhi 2002
Performance Management (PM) was coined by Daniels in the late 1970s to describe a technology (i.e., science imbedded in applications methods [4]) for managing both behavior and results, the two critical elements of what is known as performance.
These articles and the first book spread knowledge of the concept of balanced scorecards, leading to Kaplan and Norton being seen as the creators of the concept. While the "corporate scorecard" terminology was coined by Schneiderman, the roots of performance management as an activity run deep in management literature and practice.
Performance measurement is the process of collecting, analyzing and/or reporting information regarding the performance of an individual, group, organization, system or component. [dubious – discuss] [1] Definitions of performance measurement tend to be predicated upon an assumption about why the performance is being measured. [2]
Performance is an abstract concept and must be represented by concrete, measurable goals or objectives. For example, baseball athlete performance is abstract as it covers many different types of activities. Batting average is a concrete measure of a particular performance attribute for a particular game role, batting, for the game of baseball.
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Sales promotion represents a variety of techniques used to stimulate the purchase of a product or brand. Sales promotion has a tactical, rather than strategic role in marketing communications and brand strategy, it is also a form of advertisement used within a short period of time.