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Female scale insects in more advanced families develop from the egg through a first instar (crawler) stage and a second instar stage before becoming adult. In more primitive families there is an additional instar stage.
The adult female scale insect is viviparous, the eggs hatching internally, and produces up to 150 young at the rate of two or three per day.The first-stage larva is mobile and is known as a crawler; it emerges from under the mother's scale and disperses to other parts of the plant; it may be blown by the wind or transported elsewhere by animals and is the only mobile life stage except for the ...
As with other scale insects, only the first instar, the crawler stage, is mobile and can move to other parts of the host plant or spread by wind. The crawlers settle after a few days and start feeding on the leaves with their piercing and sucking mouthparts. The scale feeds mainly on parenchymal cells or vascular bundle tissue.
Protopulvinaria pyriformis, commonly known as the pyriform scale, [1] ... The first instar nymph is known as a crawler and moves away from the mother scale. After ...
Ceroplastes rubens, known generally as the red wax scale or pink wax scale, ... of this species are brick red. These hatch into crawlers, the first nymphal instar ...
The crawler moults twice before becoming an adult female, forming a protective scale from larval exuviae and secretions. Some crawlers may develop into males. Some crawlers may develop into males. These undergo four moults and the adult males have eyes, three pairs of legs, one pair of wings, a head and a body divided into a thorax and abdomen.
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