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  2. Manifest and latent functions and dysfunctions - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manifest_and_latent...

    A latent function of a behavior is not explicitly stated, recognized, or intended by the people involved. Thus, they are identified by observers. [5] In the example of rain ceremony, the latent function reinforces the group identity by providing a regular opportunity for the members of a group to meet and engage in a common activity. [4]

  3. Latent learning - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latent_learning

    In latent learning, one changes behavior only when there is sufficient motivation later than when they subconsciously retained the information. [1] Latent learning is when the observation of something, rather than experiencing something directly, can affect later behavior. Observational learning can be many things. A human observes a behavior ...

  4. Worked-example effect - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worked-example_effect

    The worked-example effect is a learning effect predicted by cognitive load theory. [1] [full citation needed] Specifically, it refers to improved learning observed when worked examples are used as part of instruction, compared to other instructional techniques such as problem-solving [2] [page needed] and discovery learning.

  5. Latent and observable variables - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latent_and_observable...

    Examples of latent variables from the field of economics include quality of life, business confidence, morale, happiness and conservatism: these are all variables which cannot be measured directly. But linking these latent variables to other, observable variables, the values of the latent variables can be inferred from measurements of the ...

  6. Occupational stress - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_stress

    Research on the ability of the employees to cope with the specific workplace stressors is equivocal; coping in the workplace may even be counterproductive. [ 26 ] [ 10 ] Pearlin and Schooler [ 27 ] advanced the view that because work roles, unlike such personally organized roles as parent and spouse, tend to be impersonally organized, work ...

  7. Shaping (psychology) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaping_(psychology)

    Shaping is a conditioning paradigm used primarily in the experimental analysis of behavior.The method used is differential reinforcement of successive approximations.It was introduced by B. F. Skinner [1] with pigeons and extended to dogs, dolphins, humans and other species.

  8. Serial-position effect - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial-position_effect

    Serial-position effect is the tendency of a person to recall the first and last items in a series best, and the middle items worst. [1] The term was coined by Hermann Ebbinghaus through studies he performed on himself, and refers to the finding that recall accuracy varies as a function of an item's position within a study list. [2]

  9. Expectancy theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expectancy_theory

    The expectancy theory of motivation explains the behavioral process of why individuals choose one behavioral option over the other. This theory explains that individuals can be motivated towards goals if they believe that there is a positive correlation between efforts and performance, the outcome of a favorable performance will result in a desirable reward, a reward from a performance will ...