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A NOT NULL constraint is functionally equivalent to the following check constraint with an IS NOT NULL predicate: . CHECK (column IS NOT NULL) Some relational database management systems are able to optimize performance when the NOT NULL constraint syntax is used as opposed to the CHECK constraint syntax given above.
It is not required to specify all columns in the table since any other columns will take their default value or remain null: INSERT INTO table VALUES (value1, [value2, ... ]) Example for inserting data into 2 columns in the phone_book table and ignoring any other columns which may be after the first 2 in the table.
The SQL:1999 standard introduced a BOOLEAN data type as an optional feature (T031). When restricted by a NOT NULL constraint, a SQL BOOLEAN behaves like Booleans in other languages, which can store only TRUE and FALSE values. However, if it is nullable, which is the default like all other SQL data types, it can have the special null value also.
Set-Membership constraints: The values for a column come from a set of discrete values or codes. For example, a person's sex may be Female, Male, or Non-Binary. Foreign-key constraints: This is the more general case of set membership. The set of values in a column is defined in a column of another table that contains unique values.
A table may contain both duplicate rows and duplicate columns, and a table's columns are explicitly ordered. SQL uses a Null value to indicate missing data, which has no analog in the relational model. Because a row can represent unknown information, SQL does not adhere to the relational model's Information Principle. [7]: 153–155, 162
Dynamic column addition or removal is an operation that should be audited, because column removal can cause data loss: allowing an application to modify a table without maintaining some kind of a trail, including a justification for the action, is not good software practice. SQL constraints (e.g., range checks, regular expression checks) cannot ...
A relational database (RDB [1]) is a database based on the relational model of data, as proposed by E. F. Codd in 1970. [2]A Relational Database Management System (RDBMS) is a type of database management system that stores data in a structured format using rows and columns.
A column may contain text values, numbers, or even pointers to files in the operating system. [2] Columns typically contain simple types, though some relational database systems allow columns to contain more complex data types, such as whole documents, images, or even video clips. [3] [better source needed] A column can also be called an attribute.