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Internal rate of return (IRR) is a method of calculating an investment's rate of return. The term internal refers to the fact that the calculation excludes external factors, such as the risk-free rate, inflation, the cost of capital, or financial risk. The method may be applied either ex-post or ex-ante. Applied ex-ante, the IRR is an estimate ...
Discounted cash flow analysis is widely used in investment finance, real estate development, corporate financial management, and patent valuation. Used in industry as early as the 1700s or 1800s, it was widely discussed in financial economics in the 1960s, and U.S. courts began employing the concept in the 1980s and 1990s.
In real estate investing, the cash-on-cash return [1] is the ratio of annual before-tax cash flow to the total amount of cash invested, expressed as a percentage. = The cash-on-cash return, or "cash yield", is often used to evaluate the cash flow from income-producing assets, such as a rental property.
The return, or the holding period return, can be calculated over a single period.The single period may last any length of time. The overall period may, however, instead be divided into contiguous subperiods. This means that there is more than one time period, each sub-period beginning at the point in time where the previous one ended. In such a case, where there are
Like the modified Dietz method, the simple Dietz method is based on the assumption of a simple rate of return principle, unlike the internal rate of return method, which applies a compounding principle. Also like the modified Dietz method, it is a money-weighted returns method (as opposed to a time-weighted returns method).
The present value formula is the core formula for the time value of money; each of the other formulas is derived from this formula. For example, the annuity formula is the sum of a series of present value calculations. The present value (PV) formula has four variables, each of which can be solved for by numerical methods:
The modified internal rate of return (MIRR) is a financial measure of an investment's attractiveness. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] It is used in capital budgeting to rank alternative investments of unequal size. As the name implies, MIRR is a modification of the internal rate of return (IRR) and as such aims to resolve some problems with the IRR.
Several different yields are used as measures of a real estate investment, including initial, equivalent and reversionary yields. Initial yield is the annualised rents of a property expressed as a percentage of the property value. [12] E.g. £100,000 passing rent per annum £1,850,000 valuation 100000/1850000 = 0.054 or 5.4%