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Figure 1: Rangekeeper Coordinate System. The coordinate system has the target as its origin. The y axis value range to the target. US Navy rangekeepers during World War II used a moving coordinate system based on the line of sight (LOS) between the ship firing its gun (known as the "own ship") and the target (known as the "target").
6.6743 × 10 −11 m 3 /(kg·s 2) To properly use this formula, the units must be consistent; for example, M {\displaystyle M} must be in kilograms, and r {\displaystyle r} must be in meters. The answer will be in meters per second.
The time of flight is related to other variables by Lambert's theorem, which states: The transfer time of a body moving between two points on a conic trajectory is a function only of the sum of the distances of the two points from the origin of the force, the linear distance between the points, and the semimajor axis of the conic.
The total time of the journey in the presence of air resistance (more specifically, when =) can be calculated by the same strategy as above, namely, we solve the equation () =. While in the case of zero air resistance this equation can be solved elementarily, here we shall need the Lambert W function .
The three critical flight dynamics parameters are the angles of rotation in three dimensions about the vehicle's center of gravity (cg), known as pitch, roll and yaw. These are collectively known as aircraft attitude , often principally relative to the atmospheric frame in normal flight, but also relative to terrain during takeoff or landing ...
He claimed a hop of 18 m (59 ft) about 1 m (3 ft) high on August 18, 1903, and several more hops or short flights by November 1903 for distances up to 60 m (197 ft) at 3 m (10 ft) height. [45] His aircraft made takeoffs from level ground. In Germany some enthusiasts credit him with making the first airplane flight. [45]
Supersonic flight is associated with the formation of shock waves that form a sonic boom that can be heard from the ground, [10] and is frequently startling. The creation of this shockwave requires a significant amount of energy; because of this, supersonic flight is generally less efficient than subsonic flight at about 85% of the speed of sound.
This means that it affects the yaw angle of the bullet; it tends to twist the bullet along its flight path, either towards the axis of flight (decreasing the yaw thus stabilising the bullet) or away from the axis of flight (increasing the yaw thus destabilising the bullet). The critical factor is the location of the centre of pressure, which ...