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Sacramental theology had always taught that contrition was necessary for a valid confession. The Second Vatican Council (1962–1965) decree in its Constitution on the Sacred Liturgy that the "rite and formulas for the sacrament of penance are to be revised so that they more clearly express both the nature and effect of the sacrament."
In the English translation of the Roman Missal used from 1973 to 2011, it was called the Penitential Rite. The Penitential Act, also known as A "Brief Order of Confession", takes place at the start of Lutheran Divine Service , and may include an Absolution , giving it sacramental weight.
According to Robert N. Wilkin, "The Latin Fathers translated metanoia as paenitentia, which came to mean "penance" or "acts of penance"." [4] Tertullian protested the unsuitable translation of the Greek metanoeo into the Latin paenitentiam ago by arguing that "in Greek, metanoia is not a confession of sins but a change of mind."
"Private Absolution ought to be retained in the churches, although in confession an enumeration of all sins is not necessary." —Augsburg Confession, Article 11 In the Lutheran Church, Confession (also called Holy Absolution) is the method given by Christ to the Church by which individual men and women may receive the forgiveness of sins; according to the Large Catechism, the "third sacrament ...
In the East, the prominent feature of penance was not the practice of mortification and pious works, though this was supposed; the penance imposed on sinners was a longer or shorter period of exclusion from communion and the Mass, to which they were gradually admitted to the different penitential "stations" or classes, three in number; for the ...
Incipit of the Paenitentiale Vinniani. A penitential is a book or set of church rules concerning the Christian sacrament of penance, used for regular private confession with a confessor-priest, a "new manner of reconciliation with God" [1] that was promoted by Celtic monks in Ireland in the sixth century AD, under the Egyptian monastic influence of St John Cassian.
In Hinduism penance is widely discussed in Dharmasastra literature. In the Gita, there is a warning against excessive "penance" of a merely physical nature. There is the special term "Tapas", for intense concentration that is like a powerful fire, and this used to be sometimes translated as "penance", although the connotations are different.
Sacrosanctum concilium (the Constitution on the Sacred Liturgy) called for the revision of the Rite of Penance so that it more clearly express both the nature and effect of the sacrament. [14] Consequently, the Rite of Penance was revised in 1973. The revised rite offered several possible options for making an Act of Contrition.