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A copper retort A glass retort. In a chemistry laboratory, a retort is a device used for distillation or dry distillation of substances. It consists of a spherical vessel with a long downward-pointing neck. The liquid to be distilled is placed in the vessel and heated.
Vacuum distillation A Kugelrohr ( German for "ball tube") is a short-path vacuum distillation apparatus [ 1 ] : 150 typically used to distill relatively small amounts of compounds with high boiling points (usually greater than 300 °C) under greatly reduced pressure.
Pot still distillation gives an incomplete separation, but this can be desirable for the flavor of some distilled beverages. If a purer distillate is desired, a reflux still is the most common solution. Reflux stills incorporate a fractionating column, commonly created by filling copper vessels with glass beads to maximize available surface ...
Pot stills at the Lagavulin Distillery. A pot still is a type of distillation apparatus or still used to distill liquors such as whisky or brandy.In modern (post-1850s) practice, they are not used to produce rectified spirit, because they do not separate congeners from ethanol as effectively as other distillation methods.
Gold-copper ore, concentrated and leached 16 (2018) [6] 16 Lisbon Valley San Juan County, Utah: Lisbon Valley Mining Company Copper ore, open pit, heap leached 10–15 (2018) [9] 17 Miami: Gila County, Arizona: Freeport-McMoRan: Copper ore, leached 5 (2021) [2] 18 Carlota Gila County, Arizona: KGHM Polska Miedź: Porphyry copper open pit ...
A larger surface area allows more cycles, improving separation. This is the rationale for a Vigreux column or a packed fractionating column. Spinning band distillation achieves the same outcome by using a rotating band within the column to force the rising vapors and descending condensate into close contact, achieving equilibrium more quickly.
Copper concentrate is traded either via spot contracts or under long term contracts as an intermediate product in its own right. Often the smelter sells the copper metal itself on behalf of the miner. The miner is paid the price at the time that the smelter-refiner makes the sale, not at the price on the date of delivery of the concentrate.
The term "fire copper" originated from the "brewing copper" or "wort copper" kettles used for brewing. Before the 19th century most distillation was performed from a simple pot still developed in 800 AD by the Arab alchemist Jabir ibn Hayyan .
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