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Indian mathematics emerged and developed in the Indian subcontinent [1] from about 1200 BCE [2] until roughly the end of the 18th century CE (approximately 1800 CE). In the classical period of Indian mathematics (400 CE to 1200 CE), important contributions were made by scholars like Aryabhata, Brahmagupta, Bhaskara II, Varāhamihira, and Madhava.
Shulba sutras (around 1st millenium BCE) [1] Baudhayana sutras (fl. c. 900 BCE) Yajnavalkya (700 BCE) Manava (fl. 750–650 BCE) Apastamba Dharmasutra (c. 600 BCE) Pāṇini (c. 520–460 BCE) Kātyāyana (fl. c. 300 BCE) Akṣapada Gautama(c. 600 BCE–200 CE) Bharata Muni (200 BCE-200 CE) Pingala (c. 3rd/2nd century BCE) Bhadrabahu (367 ...
The subject of combinatorics has been studied for much of recorded history, yet did not become a separate branch of mathematics until the seventeenth century. [ 11 ] At the end of the 19th century, the foundational crisis in mathematics and the resulting systematization of the axiomatic method led to an explosion of new areas of mathematics.
260 BC – Greece, Archimedes proved that the value of π lies between 3 + 1/7 (approx. 3.1429) and 3 + 10/71 (approx. 3.1408), that the area of a circle was equal to π multiplied by the square of the radius of the circle and that the area enclosed by a parabola and a straight line is 4/3 multiplied by the area of a triangle with equal base ...
[188] [189] Later, the 6th-century astronomer Varahamihira discovered a few basic trigonometric formulas and identities, such as sin^2(x) + cos^2(x) = 1. [ 190 ] Mean value theorem – A special case of this theorem for inverse interpolation of the sine was first described by Parameshvara (1380–1460), from the Kerala School of Astronomy and ...
Aryabhata ( ISO: Āryabhaṭa) or Aryabhata I [3] [4] (476–550 CE) [5] [6] was the first of the major mathematician-astronomers from the classical age of Indian mathematics and Indian astronomy. His works include the Āryabhaṭīya (which mentions that in 3600 Kali Yuga , 499 CE, he was 23 years old) [ 7 ] and the Arya- siddhanta .
Srinivasa Ramanujan Aiyangar [a] (22 December 1887 – 26 April 1920) was an Indian mathematician.Often regarded as one of the greatest mathematicians of all time, though he had almost no formal training in pure mathematics, he made substantial contributions to mathematical analysis, number theory, infinite series, and continued fractions, including solutions to mathematical problems then ...
The treatise also provides values of π, [106] which Chinese mathematicians originally approximated as 3 until Liu Xin (d. 23 AD) provided a figure of 3.1457 and subsequently Zhang Heng (78–139) approximated pi as 3.1724, [113] as well as 3.162 by taking the square root of 10.