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Only one of the two DNA strands serves as a template for transcription. The antisense strand of DNA is read by RNA polymerase from the 3' end to the 5' end during transcription (3' → 5'). The complementary RNA is created in the opposite direction, in the 5' → 3' direction, matching the sequence of the sense strand except switching uracil ...
The steps contributing to the production of primary transcripts involve a series of molecular interactions that initiate transcription of DNA within a cell's nucleus. Based on the needs of a given cell, certain DNA sequences are transcribed to produce a variety of RNA products to be translated into functional proteins for cellular use.
Bacterial transcription is the process in which a segment of bacterial DNA is copied into a newly synthesized strand of messenger RNA (mRNA) with use of the enzyme RNA polymerase. The process occurs in three main steps: initiation, elongation, and termination; and the result is a strand of mRNA that is complementary to a single strand of DNA.
Eukaryotic transcription occurs within the nucleus where DNA is packaged into nucleosomes and higher order chromatin structures. The complexity of the eukaryotic genome necessitates a great variety and complexity of gene expression control. Eukaryotic transcription proceeds in three sequential stages: initiation, elongation, and termination. [1]
An open reading frame (ORF) is a reading frame that has the potential to be transcribed into RNA and translated into protein. It requires a continuous sequence of DNA which may include a start codon, through a subsequent region which has a length that is a multiple of 3 nucleotides, to a stop codon in the same reading frame.
Unlike the eukaryotic RNA immediately after transcription known as precursor messenger RNA, [1] mature mRNA consists exclusively of exons and has all introns removed. The Maturation of mRNA. Mature mRNA is also called "mature transcript", "mature RNA" or "mRNA". The production of a mature mRNA molecule occurs in 3 steps: [2] [3] Capping of the ...
Since mRNA is the species of interest and it represents only 3% of its total content, the RNA sample should be treated to remove rRNA and tRNA and tissue-specific RNA transcripts. [23] The step of library preparation with the aim of producing short cDNA fragments, begins with RNA fragmentation to transcripts in length between 50 and 300 base pairs.
Replication is bi-directional and originates at a single origin of replication (OriC). [3] It consists of three steps: Initiation, elongation, and termination. [4] Bidirectional Theta type replication. Most circular bacterial chromosomes are replicated bidirectionally, starting at one point of origin and replicating in two directions away from ...