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The first treatise features a jackal named Damanaka, as the unemployed minister in a kingdom ruled by a lion. He, along with his moralizing sidekick named Karataka, conspire to break up alliances and friendships of the lion king. A series of fables describe the conspiracies and causes that lead to close and inseparable friends breaking up. [36]
The Panchatantra is an ancient Sanskrit collection of stories, probably first composed around 300 CE (give or take a century or two), [1] though some of its component stories may be much older. The original text is not extant, but the work has been widely revised and translated such that there exist "over 200 versions in more than 50 languages."
The prelude narrates the story of how Vishnu Sharma supposedly created the Panchatantra. There was a king called Sudarshan [ citation needed ] who ruled a kingdom, whose capital was a city called Mahilaropya (महिलारोप्य), whose location on the current map of India is unknown. [ 9 ]
Sasvata Samhita: treatise on divine manifestations (vyuhas), forty six incarnations of Vishnu, and worship methodology [32] Ahirbudhnya Samhita: discusses philosophy, vyuha theory, alphabet and rituals [33] Hayashirsha Samhita: rituals and deities [13] Padma Samhita: Panchakala practices for the devotee, festivals and mantras [30] [13]
Narayan Pandit (Hindi: नारायण पण्डित), or Narayana (died 10th century), was the Brāhmaṇa author of the Sanskrit treatise called Hitopadesha — a work based primarily on the Panchatantra, one of the oldest collection of stories, mainly animal fables, in the world.
The first English translation, also by Shamasastry, was published in 1915. [16] The Sanskrit title, Arthashastra, can be translated as 'treatise on "political science"' or "economic science" or simply "statecraft", [17] [e] as the word artha (अर्थ) is polysemous in Sanskrit; [18] the word has a broad scope. [19]
Pāṇini is also mentioned in Indian fables and other ancient texts. The Panchatantra, for example, mentions that Pāṇini was killed by a lion. [45] [46] [47] According to some historians Pingala was the brother of Pāṇini. [48] Pāṇini was depicted on a five-rupee Indian postage stamp in August 2004. [49] [50] [51] [52]
Treatise on Advaita Vedanta: Sanskrit: Sureśvara: Approx. 8th Century Kerala svatma prakasika: Hindu Religion Sanskrit: Adi Shankara: Early 8th Century Kerala Brahmasūtra: Hindu Religion Commentary on Brahmasutra Sanskrit: Adi Shankara: Early 8th Century Kerala Aitareya Upaniṣad Hindu Religion Commentary on Rigveda Sanskrit: Adi Shankara ...