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The Panchatantra is an ancient Sanskrit collection of stories, probably first composed around 300 CE (give or take a century or two), [1] though some of its component stories may be much older. The original text is not extant, but the work has been widely revised and translated such that there exist "over 200 versions in more than 50 languages."
It goes by many names in many cultures. There is a version of Panchatantra in nearly every major language of India, and in addition there are 200 versions of the text in more than 50 languages around the world. [9] One version reached Europe in the 11th century. [2] To quote Edgerton (1924): [10]
The prelude narrates the story of how Vishnu Sharma supposedly created the Panchatantra. There was a king called Sudarshan [ citation needed ] who ruled a kingdom, whose capital was a city called Mahilaropya (महिलारोप्य), whose location on the current map of India is unknown. [ 9 ]
The Church Missionary Society undertook a new translation, known as the Cotta version, in 1833. [1]: 49 The Baptist missionaries produced their own translation, which appeared in print between 1859 and 1876. [1]: 52 To match the Revised Version of the Bible, the Sinhalese translation was revised between 1895 and 1910. [2]
Durgasimha (c. 1025) was the minister of war and peace (Sandhi Vigrahi) of Western Chalukya King Jayasimha II (also known as Jagadekamalla, r. 1018–1042). [1] Durgasimha adapted the well-known set of fables, Panchatantra ("The five stratagems"), from Sanskrit language into the Kannada language in champu style (mixed prose and verse).
His prose translations included the Panchatantra in 1925, [12] [13] [14] excerpts from which were published as Gold's Gloom, [15] Daṇḍin's Daśakumāracarita as The Ten Princes of Dandin, and Twenty-Two Goblins, [16] a translation of Vetala Panchavimshati. He also wrote excellent original verse which he circulated privately, but did not ...
Ānanda Tīrtha the founder of Madhva line has written in his commentary on Mundaka Upanishad: [19] "In Dvapara Yuga, Vishnu is exclusively worshiped according to the principles of the Pancharatra Scripture, but in this age of Kali Yuga, the Supreme Lord Hari is worshiped only by the chanting of his Holy Name." [citation needed]
Disobeying these instructions, Borzuya would memorize the text he read each day and secretly wrote the book again in Persian, then sent his translation back to his king. [1] When he returned, Khosrow praises the work, stating "the book called Kalila has given my soul new life", and offers Borzuya any reward he chooses from the royal treasury.