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  2. Iota subscript - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iota_subscript

    The iota subscript was invented by Byzantine philologists in the 12th century AD as an editorial symbol marking the places where such spelling variation occurred. [2] [3] [4] The alternative practice, of writing the mute iota not under, but next to the preceding vowel, is known as iota adscript. In mixed-case environments, it is represented ...

  3. Holistic grading - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holistic_grading

    Cost. In the 1980s, when examinations were often scored entirely by humans, valid and reliable holistic scoring of a writing sample took more time and therefore more money than scoring of items. For instance, it cost $0.75 per essay for the first and $0.53 for the second in the 1980-1981 Georgia Regents' Testing Program. [62]

  4. Five-paragraph essay - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five-paragraph_essay

    The five-paragraph essay is a format of essay having five paragraphs: one introductory paragraph, three body paragraphs with support and development, and one concluding paragraph. Because of this structure, it is also known as a hamburger essay , one three one , or a three-tier essay .

  5. Unbiased estimation of standard deviation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unbiased_estimation_of...

    Correction factor versus sample size n.. When the random variable is normally distributed, a minor correction exists to eliminate the bias.To derive the correction, note that for normally distributed X, Cochran's theorem implies that () / has a chi square distribution with degrees of freedom and thus its square root, / has a chi distribution with degrees of freedom.

  6. Standard error - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_error

    This page was last edited on 13 October 2024, at 13:49 (UTC).; Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License; additional terms may apply.

  7. Standard deviation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_deviation

    When only a sample of data from a population is available, the term standard deviation of the sample or sample standard deviation can refer to either the above-mentioned quantity as applied to those data, or to a modified quantity that is an unbiased estimate of the population standard deviation (the standard deviation of the entire population).

  8. Iota and Jot - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iota_and_Jot

    These two examples are the base cases of the translation of arbitrary SKI terms to Jot given by Barker, making Jot a natural Gödel numbering of all algorithms. Jot is connected to Iota by the fact that [ w 0 ] = ( ι [ w ] ) {\displaystyle [w0]=(\iota [w])} and by using the same identities on SKI terms for obtaining the basic combinators K ...

  9. Some Character-Types Met with in Psycho-Analytic Work

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Some_Character-Types_Met...

    Some Character-Types Met within Psycho-Analytic Work is an essay by Sigmund Freud from 1916, comprising three character studies—of what he called 'The Exceptions', 'Those Wrecked by Success' and 'Criminals from a Sense of Guilt'.