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The search for alternative "green" solvents made from biomass or low-cost renewable raw materials, which are accessible through high-efficiency processes, in high yields, and meet the performance of conventional solvents, [17] has triggered intensive research activities in industry and academia worldwide.
Green solvents are environmentally friendly chemical solvents that are used as a part of green chemistry. They came to prominence in 2015, when the UN defined a new sustainability -focused development plan based on 17 sustainable development goals, recognizing the need for green chemistry and green solvents for a more sustainable future. [ 1 ]
In short, the impact of the entire lifetime of the solvent, from cradle to grave (or cradle to cradle if recycled) must be considered. Thus the most comprehensive definition of a green solvent is the following: "a green solvent is the solvent that makes a product or process have the least environmental impact over its entire life cycle." [23]
The biomass reacts in a solvent mixture of water, dilute sulfuric acid, and gamma-valerolactone, itself derived from biomass. The gamma-valerolactone promotes thermocatalytic hydrolysis into monosaccharides by complete solubilization of the raw material, including lignins.
For example, nonylmagnesium bromide reacts with methyl p-chlorobenzoate to give p-nonylbenzoic acid, in the presence of Tris(acetylacetonato)iron(III) (Fe(acac) 3), after workup with NaOH to hydrolyze the ester, shown as follows. Without the Fe(acac) 3, the Grignard reagent would attack the ester group over the aryl halide. [21]
Other alternatives to HMPA include the N,N′-tetraalkylureas DMPU (dimethylpropyleneurea) [10] [11] or DMI (1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone). [12] Tripyrrolidinophosphoric acid triamide (TPPA) has been reported to be a good substitute reagent for HMPA in reductions with samarium diiodide [ 13 ] and as a Lewis base additive to many reactions ...
an alternative catalyst for the hydrogenation of vegetable oils; in organic synthesis, used for desulfurization Sakaguchi's Reagent: Detects the presence of arginine Samarium(II) iodide (Kagan Reagent) a powerful reducing agent Silver oxide: used to prepare other silver compounds; in organic chemistry, used as a mild oxidizing agent: Silver nitrate
An inorganic nonaqueous solvent is a solvent other than water, that is not an organic compound. These solvents are used in chemical research and industry for reactions that cannot occur in aqueous solutions or require a special environment. Inorganic nonaqueous solvents can be classified into two groups, protic solvents and aprotic solvents.