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Exophthalmos (also called exophthalmus, exophthalmia, proptosis, or exorbitism) is a bulging of the eye anteriorly out of the orbit. Exophthalmos can be either bilateral (as is often seen in Graves' disease) or unilateral (as is often seen in an orbital tumor). Complete or partial dislocation from the orbit is also possible from trauma or ...
This produces a dark red staining of the muscle fibers given the name "ragged red fibers". While ragged red fibers are seen in normal aging, amounts in excess of normal aging give a diagnosis of a mitochondrial myopathy. [citation needed] Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) from a sample of blood or muscle tissue can determine a mutation of the mtDNA.
Chemosis is the swelling (or edema) of the conjunctiva.The term derives from the Greek words cheme and -osis, cheme meaning cockleshell due to the swollen conjunctiva resembling it, and -osis meaning condition. [1]
In children and teenagers mean exophthalmometric measurements increase with age: Less than 4 years old (13.2 mm), 5–8 years old (14.4 mm), 9–12 years old (15.2 mm) and 13–17 years old (16.2 mm). [4] Axial Length of the eye affects exophthalmometer reading. Pseudoproptosis may be seen in severe myopia. [5]
Ophthalmoparesis refers to weakness (-paresis) or paralysis (-plegia) of one or more extraocular muscles which are responsible for eye movements.It is a physical finding in certain neurologic, ophthalmologic, and endocrine disease.
The main goal of treating optic gliomas is to preserve vision for as long as possible. [5] The tumor's slow and self-limiting growth indicates that it is not immediately problematic in most benign cases, with long-term studies showing that people with optic glioma may still have stable functional vision without intervention.
People may complain of neck pain, after years of chronic head tilting (ocular torticollis), but this is also encountered in children. [ 4 ] Congenital fourth nerve palsy can affect reading comprehension (and concentration during other near tasks) due to the increased vertical fusional demands and head tilting required to maintain single vision ...
Hyperthyroidism has unique effects in children on growth and pubertal development, e.g. causing epiphyseal maturation. In growing children, accelerated bone growth from hyperthyroidism can increase osteogenesis in the short term, but generally results in short-stature adults compared with the predicted heights. Pubertal development tends to be ...