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In the social sciences, triangulation refers to the application and combination of several research methods in the study of the same phenomenon. [1] By combining multiple observers, theories, methods, and empirical materials, researchers hope to overcome the weakness or intrinsic biases and the problems that come from single method, single-observer, and single-theory studies.
Triangulation is a term in psychology most closely associated with the work of Murray Bowen known as family therapy. [ unreliable source? ] Bowen theorized that a two-person emotional system is unstable, in that under stress it forms itself into a three-person system or triangle.
Triangulation today is used for many purposes, including surveying, navigation, metrology, astrometry, binocular vision, model rocketry and, in the military, the gun direction, the trajectory and distribution of fire power of weapons. The use of triangles to estimate distances dates to antiquity.
Triangulation allows now to assign such quantities to topological spaces. Investigations concerning the existence and uniqueness of triangulations established a new branch in topology, namely piecewise linear topology (or PL topology).
Multimethodology or multimethod research includes the use of more than one method of data collection or research in a research study or set of related studies.Mixed methods research is more specific in that it includes the mixing of qualitative and quantitative data, methods, methodologies, and/or paradigms in a research study or set of related studies.
[5] This could mean using a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods as well as common methodology from the fields mentioned above. In social research this phenomenon is referred to as triangulation (social science). [7] This idea is well summarized by the work of Barrow in his text An introduction to philosophy of education:
Consilience requires the use of independent methods of measurement, meaning that the methods have few shared characteristics. That is, the mechanism by which the measurement is made is different; each method is dependent on an unrelated natural phenomenon.
Triangulation of Kodiak Island in Alaska in 1929. In surveying, triangulation is the process of determining the location of a point by measuring only angles to it from known points at either end of a fixed baseline by using trigonometry, rather than measuring distances to the point directly as in trilateration. The point can then be fixed as ...