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Sinus node dysfunction (SND), also known as sick sinus syndrome (SSS), is a group of abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias) usually caused by a malfunction of the sinus node, the heart's primary pacemaker. [1] [2] Tachycardia-bradycardia syndrome is a variant of sick sinus syndrome in which the arrhythmia alternates between fast and slow heart ...
This can result in bradycardia, tachycardia, vasodilation, flushing, pupillary constriction and nasal stuffiness above the spinal lesion. Piloerection and pale, cool skin occur below the lesion due to the prevailing sympathetic outflow. [10] The most common causes include bladder or bowel over-distension from urinary retention and fecal ...
Bradycardia is a slower than normal heartbeat, at around 40–60 beats per minute. Cardiomegaly is the state of an enlarged heart, and cardiac hypertrophy the thickening of the muscular wall of the heart, specifically the left ventricle, which pumps oxygenated blood to the aorta. Especially during an intensive workout, more blood and oxygen are ...
Inappropriate sinus tachycardia is a diagnosis of exclusion that is rarely made in an asymptomatic patient. [2] The following criteria are commonly used to define inappropriate sinus tachycardia: [10] The axis and morphology of the P wave during tachycardia similar to or identical to that experienced during sinus rhythm
Bradycardia, also called bradyarrhythmia, is a resting heart rate under 60 beats per minute (BPM). [1] While bradycardia can result from various pathologic processes, it is commonly a physiologic response to cardiovascular conditioning or due to asymptomatic type 1 atrioventricular block.
Takotsubo syndrome represents about 2% of all patients (and 5–6% of all female patients) who are initially diagnosed with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). [6] [57] It accounts for 0.02% of all hospitalizations in the US. [6] About 90% of TTS patients are women, [6] [57] whose mean age is about 68 years, and 80% of whom are older than 50 years. [6]
To assess cardiac structure and function, echocardiography is the most commonly available and utilized modality. In addition to decreased left ventricular ejection fraction, studies indicate that patients with TIC may have a smaller left ventricular end-diastolic dimension compared to patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy.
This is a shortened version of the seventh chapter of the ICD-9: Diseases of the Circulatory System. It covers ICD codes 259 to 282. The full chapter can be found on pages 215 to 258 of Volume 1, which contains all (sub)categories of the ICD-9. Volume 2 is an alphabetical index of Volume 1.