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Treatment was based on the theory that there is an imbalance of the neurotransmitter dopamine in the basal ganglia. These drugs have fallen out of fashion due to various serious side effects: sedation, parkinsonism, and tardive dyskinesia. [16] Other oral medications can be used in low doses to treat early stages of spasmodic torticollis.
Torticollis is a fixed or dynamic tilt, rotation, with flexion or extension of the head and/or neck. The type of torticollis can be described depending on the positions of the head and neck. [1] [3] [4] laterocollis: the head is tipped toward the shoulder; rotational torticollis: the head rotates along the longitudinal axis towards the shoulder [5]
Benign paroxysmal torticollis disappears in the early years of life with no medical intervention. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] However, some cases of benign paroxysmal torticollis cases can evolve into benign paroxysmal vertigo of childhood , migrainous vertigo or typical migraines .
Signs and symptoms may include the following stiff neck (limited neck mobility or torticollis), [3] some form of palpable neck pain (may be in "front of the neck" or around the Adam's apple), malaise, difficulty swallowing, fever, stridor, drooling, croup-like cough or enlarged cervical lymph nodes. Any combination of these symptoms should ...
Medications are used to reverse the symptoms of extrapyramidal side effects caused by antipsychotics or other drugs, by either directly or indirectly increasing dopaminergic neurotransmission. The treatment varies by the type of the EPS, but may involve anticholinergic agents such as procyclidine, benztropine, diphenhydramine, and trihexyphenidyl.
Sandifer syndrome (or Sandifer's syndrome) is an eponymous paediatric medical disorder, characterised by gastrointestinal symptoms and associated neurological features. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] There is a significant correlation between the syndrome and gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD); however, it is estimated to occur in less than 1% of ...
Conservative (i.e. no treatment), or surgical excision. With surgical excision, recurrence is common, usually due to incomplete excision. Often, the tracts of the cyst will pass near important structures, such as the internal jugular vein, carotid artery, or facial nerve, making complete excision impractical due to the high risk of complications.
Opisthotonus or opisthotonos (from Ancient Greek: ὄπισθεν, romanized: opisthen, lit. 'behind' and τόνος, tonos, 'tension') is a state of severe hyperextension and spasticity in which an individual's head, neck and spinal column enter into a complete "bridging" or "arching" position.