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Malingering is the fabrication, feigning, or exaggeration of physical or psychological symptoms designed to achieve a desired outcome, such as personal gain, relief from duty or work, avoiding arrest, receiving medication, or mitigating prison sentencing.
If these motivators are recognized by the patient, and especially if symptoms are fabricated or exaggerated for personal gain, then this is instead considered malingering. The difference between primary and secondary gain is that with primary gain, the reason a person may not be able to go to work is because they are injured or ill, whereas ...
Stating that an individual is malingering can cause iatrogenic harm to patients if they are actually not exaggerating or feigning. Such iatrogenic harm may consist in delaying or denying medical attention, therapies, or insurance benefits. In the U.S. military, malingering is a court-martial offense under the Uniform Code of Military Justice.
[1] [2] Waddell's signs may indicate non-organic or psychological component to chronic low back pain. Historically they have also been used to detect malingering in patients with back pain. While testing takes less than one minute, [ 2 ] it has been described as time-consuming and alternatives have been proposed.
Malingering differs fundamentally from factitious disorders in that the malingerer simulates illness intending to obtain a material benefit or avoid an obligation or responsibility. Somatic symptom disorders , though also diagnoses of exclusion , are characterized by physical complaints that are not produced intentionally.
Using a combination of assessments is critical when evaluating PTSD malingering, rather than relying solely on a single test. [41] A preliminary test which can be used is the Miller-Forensic Assessment of Symptoms (M-FAST). It can find 78 percent of test-takers asked to feign results and only takes between 5 and 10 minutes. [42]
The production of seizure-like symptoms is not under voluntary control; [10] [11] symptoms which are feigned or faked voluntarily would fall under the categories of factitious disorder or malingering. [12] Risk factors for PNES include having a history of head injury, and having a diagnosis of epilepsy. [13]
Factitious disorder imposed on self (FDIS), sometimes referred to as Munchausen syndrome, is a complex mental disorder where individuals play the role of a sick patient to receive some form of psychological validation, such as attention, sympathy, or physical care. [2]