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The cone penetration or cone penetrometer test (CPT) is a method used to determine the geotechnical engineering properties of soils and delineating soil stratigraphy. It was initially developed in the 1950s at the Dutch Laboratory for Soil Mechanics in Delft to investigate soft soils. Based on this history it has also been called the "Dutch ...
The Fall cone test, also called the cone penetrometer test or the Vasiljev cone test, is an alternative method to the Casagrande method for measuring the Liquid Limit of a soil sample proposed in 1942 by the Russian researcher Piotr Vasiljev (Russian: Пё́тр Васи́льев) and first mentioned in the Russian standard GOST 5184 from 1949.
This is a simple test method and usually needs backing up with lab data to get a good correlation. A cone penetration test (CPT) is performed using an instrumented probe with a conical tip, pushed into the soil hydraulically at a constant rate. A basic CPT instrument reports tip resistance and shear resistance along the cylindrical barrel.
It is based on the measurement of penetration into the soil of a standardized stainless steel cone of specific apex angle, length and mass. Although the Casagrande test is widely used across North America, the fall cone test is much more prevalent in Europe and elsewhere due to being less dependent on the operator in determining the liquid ...
The standard penetration test (SPT) is an in-situ dynamic penetration test designed to provide information on the geotechnical engineering properties of soil. This test is the most frequently used subsurface exploration drilling test performed worldwide. The test procedure is described in ISO 22476-3, ASTM D1586 [1] and Australian Standards AS ...
Subsurface exploration usually involves in-situ testing (for example, the standard penetration test and cone penetration test). The digging of test pits and trenching (particularly for locating faults and slide planes) may also be used to learn about soil conditions at depth. Large-diameter borings are rarely used due to safety concerns and ...
He developed field and laboratory measurement methods and sampling equipment, including an early triaxial shear test apparatus, the Celapparat, also known as the Dutch Cell Test. He further developed and tested the cone penetration test (CPT), which had been invented by Barentsen in 1931. [14] [15] [16]
The CPT is a rod-shaped tool whose end has the shape of a cone with a known apex angle (e.g. 60 degrees). [32] As it is pushed into the soil, the resistance to penetration is measured, thereby providing an indication of soil strength. [33] A sleeve behind the cone allows the independent determination of the frictional resistance.