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  2. Cybernetics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cybernetics

    Cybernetics is the transdisciplinary study of circular processes such as feedback systems where outputs are also inputs. It is concerned with general principles that are relevant across multiple contexts, [1] including in ecological, technological, economic, biological, cognitive and social systems and also in practical activities such as designing, [2] learning, and managing.

  3. Cybernetics: Or Control and Communication in the Animal and ...

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cybernetics:_Or_Control...

    Cybernetics became a surprise bestseller and was widely read beyond the technical audience that Wiener had expected. In response he wrote The Human Use of Human Beings in which he further explored the social and psychological implications in a format more suited to the non-technical reader.

  4. Sociocybernetics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociocybernetics

    Cybernetics, according to Wiener's definition, is the science of "control and communication in the animal and the machine". Heinz von Foerster went on to distinguish a first order cybernetics, "the study of observed systems", and a second order cybernetics, "the study of observing systems".

  5. John D. Steinbruner - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_D._Steinbruner

    John David Steinbruner (1941–2015) was an international security scholar. Steinbruner was a political science professor at both the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Yale University, and he also taught public policy at Harvard University's Kennedy School of Government.

  6. The Human Use of Human Beings - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Human_Use_of_Human_Beings

    The word cybernetics refers to the theory of message transmission among people and machines. The thesis of the book is that: society can only be understood through a study of the messages and the communication facilities which belong to it; and that in the future development of these messages and communication facilities, messages between man and machines, between machines and man, and between ...

  7. Self-organization in cybernetics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-organization_in...

    The theory is applicable to all organizationally closed or homeostatic processes that produce enduring and coherent products (where spins have a fixed average phase relationship and also in the sense of Nicholas Rescher's coherence theory of truth with the proviso that the sets and their members exert repulsive forces at their boundaries ...

  8. Norbert Wiener - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norbert_Wiener

    Wiener's early work on information theory and signal processing was limited to analog signals, and was largely forgotten with the development of the digital theory. [ 34 ] Wiener is one of the key originators of cybernetics , a formalization of the notion of feedback , with many implications for engineering , systems control , computer science ...

  9. Stafford Beer - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stafford_Beer

    According to Jackson (2000) "Beer was the first to apply cybernetics to management, defining cybernetics as the science of effective organization". In the 1960s and early 1970s "Beer was a prolific writer and an influential practitioner" in management cybernetics.