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The Age of Enlightenment (also the Age of Reason and the Enlightenment) was an intellectual and philosophical movement that occurred in Europe in the 17th and the 18th centuries.
The Enlightenment also fostered the rise of public spheres where education, particularly secular education, played a crucial role. Intellectuals like Voltaire and Rousseau argued for educational reforms that would free learning from ecclesiastical control and make it accessible to a broader segment of society. The growth of literacy, the ...
The Enlightenment's desacrilization of religion was pronounced in the tree's design, particularly where theology accounted for a peripheral branch, with black magic as a close neighbour. [44] As the Encyclopédie gained popularity, it was published in quarto and octavo editions after 1777.
A prototype for five-channel surround sound, then dubbed "quintaphonic sound", was used in the 1975 film Tommy. [6]5.1 dates back to 1976, [7] when Dolby Labs modified the track usage of the six analogue magnetic soundtracks on Todd-AO 70 mm film prints.
The Enlightenment was marked by an emphasis on the scientific method and reductionism, along with increased questioning of religious orthodoxy—an attitude captured by Immanuel Kant's essay Answering the Question: What is Enlightenment, where the phrase Sapere aude (Dare to know) can be found. [170]
Baruch (de) Spinoza [b] (24 November 1632 – 21 February 1677), also known under his Latinized pen name Benedictus de Spinoza, was a philosopher of Portuguese-Jewish origin.
That it was part of the Counter-Enlightenment, a reaction against the Age of Enlightenment, is generally accepted in current scholarship. Its relationship to the French Revolution , which began in 1789 in the very early stages of the period, is clearly important, but highly variable depending on geography and individual reactions.
On the other hand, Peter Gay, a contemporary authority on the Enlightenment, [152] points to Voltaire's remarks (for instance, that the Jews were more tolerant than the Christians) in the Traité sur la tolérance and surmises that "Voltaire struck at the Jews to strike at Christianity". Whatever anti-semitism Voltaire may have felt, Gay ...