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Aplastic anemia [2] (AA) [3] is a severe hematologic condition in which the body fails to make blood cells in sufficient numbers. Blood cells are produced in the bone marrow by stem cells that reside there. [4] Aplastic anemia causes a deficiency of all blood cell types: red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. [5] [6]
Pure red cell aplasia (PRCA) or erythroblastopenia refers to a type of aplastic anemia affecting the precursors to red blood cells but usually not to white blood cells. In PRCA, the bone marrow ceases to produce red blood cells. There are multiple etiologies that can cause PRCA. The condition has been first described by Paul Kaznelson in 1922. [1]
If pancytopenia is present, bone marrow failure [4] must be considered and evaluation for bone marrow failure syndromes or aplastic anemia must be pursued. Treatment is dependent on the etiology and may include replacement of blood products as patients can develop severe anemia. [3]
Aplastic anemia patients present with symptoms related to a decrease in hematopoietic cell production in the bone marrow. The onset is gradual, and the first symptom is frequently anemia or bleeding, though a high temperature or infections may be present at the onset. The following are examples of specific manifestations: [12]
This is a life-threatening disorder that is a characteristic of aplastic anemia. [3] There are also two general causes of cytopenia: autoimmune and refractory. Autoimmune cytopenia is caused by an autoimmune disease when your body produces antibodies to destroy the healthy blood cells.
Aplastic anemia is a condition where bone marrow does not produce sufficient new cells to replenish blood cells. [27] Autoimmune hemolytic anemia: D59.0-D59.1: Autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) is a type of hemolytic anemia where the body's immune system attacks its own red blood cells (RBCs), leading to their destruction .
While acquired aplastic anemia with an unknown cause is rare, it is commonly permanent and life-threatening as half of those with this condition die within the first six months. [10] The prevalence of bone marrow failure is over three times higher in Japan and East Asia than in the United States and Europe. [10]
Aplastic anemia [35] affects all kinds of blood cells. Fanconi anemia is a hereditary disorder or defect featuring aplastic anemia and various other abnormalities. Anemia of kidney failure [35] due to insufficient production of the hormone erythropoietin; Anemia of endocrine disease [36] Disturbance of proliferation and maturation of erythroblasts