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The performance of an echo canceller is measured in echo return loss enhancement (ERLE), [3] [9] which is the amount of additional signal loss applied by the echo canceller. Most echo cancellers are able to apply 18 to 35 dB ERLE. The total signal loss of the echo (ACOM) is the sum of the ERL and ERLE. [9] [10]
Long-latency connections also benefit; in the case of satellites orbiting distant planets, retransmission due to errors would create a delay of several hours. FEC is also widely used in modems and in cellular networks. FEC processing in a receiver may be applied to a digital bit stream or in the demodulation of a digitally modulated carrier.
Packet loss is either caused by errors in data transmission, typically across wireless networks, [1] [2] or network congestion. [3]: 36 Packet loss is measured as a percentage of packets lost with respect to packets sent. The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) detects packet loss and performs retransmissions to ensure reliable messaging.
It specifies the latency for a bit of data to travel across the network from one communication endpoint to another. [1] [2]: 5 It is typically measured in multiples or fractions of a second. Delay may differ slightly, depending on the location of the specific pair of communicating endpoints.
The speed of light imposes a minimum propagation time on all electromagnetic signals. It is not possible to reduce the latency below = / where s is the distance and c m is the speed of light in the medium (roughly 200,000 km/s for most fiber or electrical media, depending on their velocity factor).
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Latency, from a general point of view, is a time delay between the cause and the effect of some physical change in the system being observed. Lag, as it is known in gaming circles, refers to the latency between the input to a simulation and the visual or auditory response, often occurring because of network delay in online games.
The XPIC algorithm attains the correct reconstruction of H by summing V to H to cancel any residual interference, and vice versa. Cross-polarization cancelling scheme involving equalization on the main path, XPIC filtering on the cross-polarized component and decision (slicing) with computation of residual error