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  2. Associative substitution - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associative_substitution

    The terminology is typically applied to organometallic and coordination complexes, but resembles the Sn2 mechanism in organic chemistry. The opposite pathway is dissociative substitution, being analogous to the Sn1 pathway. Intermediate pathways exist between the pure associative and pure dissociative pathways, these are called interchange ...

  3. Metal detector - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal_detector

    U.S. Army soldiers use a military standard metal detector. A metal detector is an instrument that detects the nearby presence of metal. Metal detectors are useful for finding metal objects on the surface, underground, and under water. A metal detector consists of a control box, an adjustable shaft, and a variable-shaped pickup coil.

  4. Compact Muon Solenoid - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_Muon_Solenoid

    The CMS detector is built around a huge solenoid magnet. This takes the form of a cylindrical coil of superconducting cable that generates a magnetic field of 4 tesla, about 100 000 times that of the Earth. The magnetic field is confined by a steel 'yoke' that forms the bulk of the detector's weight at 12,500 t.

  5. SN2 reaction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SN2_reaction

    Competition experiment between SN2 and E2. With ethyl bromide, the reaction product is predominantly the substitution product. As steric hindrance around the electrophilic center increases, as with isobutyl bromide, substitution is disfavored and elimination is the predominant reaction. Other factors favoring elimination are the strength of the ...

  6. Time-of-flight mass spectrometry - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time-of-flight_mass...

    The 46 metal plates carry the voltages which set up the potential gradient. The kinetic energy distribution in the direction of ion flight can be corrected by using a reflectron. [7] [8] The reflectron uses a constant electrostatic field to reflect the ion beam toward the detector. The more energetic ions penetrate deeper into the reflectron ...

  7. Readout integrated circuit - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Readout_integrated_circuit

    A Digital readout integrated circuit (DROIC) is a class of ROIC that uses on-chip analog-to-digital conversion (ADC) to digitize the accumulated photocurrent in each pixel of the imaging array. DROICs are easier to integrate into a system compared to ROICs as the package size and complexity are reduced, they are less sensitive to noise and have ...

  8. Eddy-current testing - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddy-current_testing

    In this technique, permeability variations are suppressed by applying a magnetic field. The saturation probes contain conventional eddy current coils and magnets. This inspection is used on partially ferromagnetic materials such as nickel alloys, duplex alloys, and thin-ferromagnetic materials such as ferritic chromium molybdenum stainless steel.

  9. Nucleophilic aromatic substitution - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleophilic_aromatic...

    One classic reaction is the Chichibabin reaction (Aleksei Chichibabin, 1914) in which pyridine is reacted with an alkali-metal amide such as sodium amide to form 2-aminopyridine. [ 6 ] In the compound methyl 3-nitropyridine-4-carboxylate, the meta nitro group is actually displaced by fluorine with cesium fluoride in DMSO at 120 °C.

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