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A solar cell, also known as a photovoltaic cell (PV cell), is an electronic device that converts the energy of light directly into electricity by means of the photovoltaic effect. [1] It is a form of photoelectric cell, a device whose electrical characteristics (such as current, voltage, or resistance) vary when it is exposed to light.
English: Schematic symbol for a photovoltaic cell. The schematic symbol of a solar cell. The schematic symbol of a solar cell. हिन्दी: सौर सेल का चिह्न.
However, the solar frequency spectrum approximates a black body spectrum at about 5,800 K, [1] and as such, much of the solar radiation reaching the Earth is composed of photons with energies greater than the band gap of silicon (1.12eV), which is near to the ideal value for a terrestrial solar cell (1.4eV).
The most common device structure for CIGS solar cells is shown in the diagram (see Figure 1: Structure of a CIGS device).Soda-lime glass of about of 1–3 millimetres thickness is commonly used as a substrate, because the glass sheets contains sodium, which has been shown to yield a substantial open-circuit voltage increase, [15] notably through surface and grain boundary defects passivation. [16]
The photovoltaic effect is the generation of voltage and electric current in a material upon exposure to light. It is a physical phenomenon. [1] The photovoltaic effect is closely related to the photoelectric effect. For both phenomena, light is absorbed, causing excitation of an electron or other charge carrier to a higher-energy state.
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In a basic Schottky-junction (Schottky-barrier) solar cell, an interface between a metal and a semiconductor provides the band bending necessary for charge separation. [1] Traditional solar cells are composed of p-type and n-type semiconductor layers sandwiched together, forming the source of built-in voltage (a p-n junction ). [ 2 ]