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  2. Fahrenheit hydrometer - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahrenheit_hydrometer

    The Fahrenheit hydrometer is a device used to measure the density of a liquid. It was invented by Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736), better known for his work in thermometry . The Nicholson hydrometer , after William Nicholson (1753-1815), is similar in design, but instead of a weighted bulb at the bottom there is a small container ...

  3. Hydrometer - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrometer

    The hydrometer sinks deeper in low-density liquids such as kerosene, gasoline, and alcohol, and less deep in high-density liquids such as brine, milk, and acids. It is usual for hydrometers to be used with dense liquids to have the mark 1.000 (for water) near the top of the stem, and those for use with lighter liquids to have 1.000 near the bottom.

  4. Soil texture - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_texture

    The number on the hydrometer that is visible (above the soil solution) is recorded. [11] A blank (containing only water and the dispersing agent) is used to calibrate the hydrometer. The values recorded from the readings are used to calculate the percent clay, silt and sand. The blank is subtracted from each of the three readings.

  5. Parshall flume - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parshall_flume

    So, if there is a depth of 3 feet, the flow rate is ≈ 140 ft 3 /s Approximate the discharge using the derived discharge equation shown above (Equation 5). This equation was derived using the principles of specific energy and is only to serve as an estimate for the actual discharge of the Parshall flume.

  6. Relative density - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_density

    The relative density of a liquid can be measured using a hydrometer. This consists of a bulb attached to a stalk of constant cross-sectional area, as shown in the adjacent diagram. First the hydrometer is floated in the reference liquid (shown in light blue), and the displacement (the level of the liquid on the stalk) is marked (blue line). The ...

  7. Standard step method - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Step_Method

    During uniform flow, the flow depth is known as normal depth (yn). This depth is analogous to the terminal velocity of an object in free fall, where gravity and frictional forces are in balance (Moglen, 2013). [3] Typically, this depth is calculated using the Manning formula. Gradually varied flow occurs when the change in flow depth per change ...

  8. Bearing capacity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bearing_capacity

    Meyerhof (1951, 1963) proposed a bearing-capacity equation similar to that of Terzaghi's but included a shape factor s-q with the depth term Nq. He also included depth factors and inclination factors. [Note: Meyerhof re-evaluated N_q based on a different assumption from Terzaghi and found N_q = ( 1 + sin phi) exp (pi tan phi ) / (1 - sin phi).

  9. Ground-penetrating radar - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground-penetrating_radar

    The depth to a target is determined based on the amount of time it takes for the radar signal to reflect back to the unit’s antenna. Radar signals travel at different velocities through different types of materials. It is possible to use the depth to a known object to determine a specific velocity and then calibrate the depth calculations.

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