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Cardiotocography sound Schematic explanation of cardiotocography: heart rate (A) is calculated from fetal heart motion determined by ultrasound, and uterine contractions are measured by a tocodynamometer (B). These numbers are represented on a time scale with the help of a running piece of paper, producing a graphical representation.
The pelvic exam during pregnancy is similar to the exam for non-pregnant women; however, more attention is give to the uterus and cervix. The size of the uterus is assessed at the initial visit, and the growth of the uterus is assessed at subsequent visits. In the first trimester the uterine size can be assessed on bimanual examination.
Absent fetal heart sounds with a large disruption of the placenta; absent fetal heart activity by ultrasound examination; Cessation of uterine contractions; Palpation of the fetus outside the uterus (usually occurs only with a large, complete rupture). The fetus is likely to be dead at this point.
Gynecologic ultrasonography or gynecologic sonography refers to the application of medical ultrasonography to the female pelvic organs (specifically the uterus, the ovaries, and the fallopian tubes) as well as the bladder, the adnexa, and the recto-uterine pouch. The procedure may lead to other medically relevant findings in the pelvis.This ...
The decrease in the coordination of uterine smooth muscles cells reduces the effectiveness of contractions, causing the uterus to enter a state of uterine quiescence. [8] During the beginning of labour, contractions may initially be intermittent and irregular, [ 7 ] but will transition into a more coordinated pattern as the labour progresses. [ 7 ]
During uterine contractions, fetal oxygenation is worsened. Late decelerations in fetal heart rate occurring during uterine contractions are associated with increased fetal death rate, growth retardation and neonatal depression. [1] [2] This test assesses fetal heart rate in response to uterine contractions via electronic fetal monitoring.
Retained placenta is a condition in which all or part of the placenta or membranes remain in the uterus during the third stage of labour. [1] Retained placenta can be broadly divided into: failed separation of the placenta from the uterine lining; placenta separated from the uterine lining but retained within the uterus
Manual palpation dates back at least to 1500 BC, with the Egyptian Ebers Papyrus and Edwin Smith Papyrus both giving instructions on diagnosis with palpation. In ancient Greece , Hippocrates gave instructions on many forms of diagnosis using palpation, including palpation of the breasts, wounds, bowels, ulcers, uterus, skin, and tumours.